Table 2.
First fixation, gaze duration, single fixation and first in multiple first-pass fixations (ms), and the probability (proportion) of skipping and single fixation by preview condition and word frequency. Standard errors are shown in parentheses.
| Variable | Valid preview |
Invalid preview |
Preview benefit |
Significance |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HF | LF | Freq. | HF | LF | Freq. | HF | LF | Frequency | Preview | Frequency × Preview | |
| First fixation | 214 | 234 | 20*** | 251 | 260 | 9** | 37*** | 26*** | F1 = 75.58, p < .001 | F1 = 60.86, p < .001 | F1 = 21.21, p < .001 |
| (all trials) | (3.8) | (4.6) | (5.9) | (6.9) | F2 = 56.89, p < .001 | F2 = 279.75, p < .001 | F2 = 14.74, p < .001 | ||||
| Gaze duration | 247 | 305 | 58*** | 309 | 356 | 47*** | 62*** | 51*** | F1 = 67.33, p < .001 | F1 = 73.18, p < .001 | F1 = 4.99, p < .05 |
| (all trials) | (5.8) | (11.1) | (8.7) | (13.3) | F2 = 150.29, p < .001 | F2 = 422.81, p < .001 | F2 = 4.60, p < .05 | ||||
| Single fixation | 216 | 239 | 23*** | 267 | 276 | 9* | 51*** | 37*** | F1 = 52.19, p < .001 | F1 = 73.68, p < .001 | F1 = 15.73, p < .001 |
| (4.0) | (5.1) | (7.3) | (8.3) | F2 = 51.40, p < .001 | F2 = 340.54, p < .001 | F2 = 14.10, p < .001 | |||||
| First fixation | 211 | 226 | 15* | 218 | 238 | 20*** | 7 | 12* | F1 = 16.60, p < .001 | F1 = 5.25, p < .05 | F1 < 1 |
| (multiple) | (5.2) | (6.3) | (5.2) | (6.5) | (n.s.) | F2 = 29.44, p < .001 | F2 = 12.27, p < .001 | F2 < 1 | |||
| Prob. of | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.04*** | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.03*** | 0.00 | F1 = 30.17, p < .001 | F1 = 15.35, p < .001 | F1 = 18.50, p < .001 |
| skipping | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (.01) | (n.s.) | (n.s.) | F2 = 26.52, p < .001 | F2 = 8.45, p < .01 | F2 < 16.27, p < .001 | ||
| Prob. of | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.08*** | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.09*** | 0.07*** | 0.08*** | F1 = 81.18, p < .001 | F1 = 37.08, p < .001 | F1 < 1 |
| single fixation | (.01) | .02) | (.02) | (.02) | F2 = 73.39, p < .001 | F2 = 60.76, p < .001 | F2 < 1 | ||||
Note For F tests, df for F1 = (1, 59), and df for F2 = (1,119). For t tests df for t1 = 59, and df for t2 = 119; For t tests the p-value is given for t1 if t1 < t2 or for t2 if t2 < t1, and these p-values are denoted as follows:
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001, n.s. p > .1; HF = high frequency, LF = low frequency, Freq. = word frequency effect; For the fixation time variables Freq. = LF–HF and preview benefit = invalid–valid. For the probability variables Freq. = HF–LF and preview benefit = valid–invalid.