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Enzyme stabilization by immobilization introduces additional covalent and non-covalent forces to an external matrix. (A) Non-covalent physical adsorption of an enzyme on the nanoparticle; (B) covalent binding of an enzyme to the nanoparticle (multipoint attachment); (C) covalent crosslinking of enzymes; and (D) microencapsulation of an enzyme by a micelle.
