Table 1. Summary of Literature Characteristics.
| Author | Methods | Population/Setting | Variables | Measurement Strategies | Child's age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blatt-Eisengart et al. (2009) | Longitudinal prospective cohort study (follow from 24 months of age to age 6), cross-sectional | 1,364 diverse mother-child dyads from 24 hospitals in 10 sites across the US | Positive and negative parental, behaviors, Maternal depression, Child externalizing behaviors, Child gender | CBCL, Observation of maternal behavior, Raising children questionnaire, CES-D | 24 m.o. and 6 y.o. |
| Brook et al. (2001) | Cohort study | 254 non-diverse mother-father-child triads from a previous longitudinal study in Upstate NY | Parental drug use, Parental aggression, Parental child-rearing techniques, Parental marital relations, Toddler aggression, Child gender | 2 hour structured questionnaire/interview by trained interviewer | 2 y.o. |
| Carter et al. (2001) | Longitudinal prospective cohort study (follow from pregnancy to 30 months postpartum) | 69 non-diverse mother-infant dyad from a mid-sized northeastern city in the US | Maternal depression, Maternal emotional availability, Attachment, Infant toddler social and emotional, Child behavior (internalizing and externalizing), Child gender | CES-D, Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R-non-patient, EAS, Traditional Ainsworth attachment classification and newer D classification, ITSEA, CBCL | 4 m.o., 14 m.o., and 30 m.o |
| Herrera et al. (2004) | Cohort study, Randomized, Controlled | 72 Caucasian Mother – infant dyads from the Grampian area of Scotland (UK) | Demographics Maternal and infant touch, Maternal and infant vocalization, Maternal speech, Infant gender | Questionnaire, EPDS, Observer Coding System (videotaped) | 6 and 10 m.o. |
| Hipwell et al. (2005) | Longitudinal prospective cohort study (followed from 20 m.o. to 5 y.o.), naturalistic, randomized | 94 mother-child dyads from a community sample (UK) | Mother-child interaction, Maternal depression, Psychiatric history, Parental conflict (life events, difficulties schedule, parental discord), Parental cooperation, Peer play, Child gender | Videotaped mother-child interaction, SADS-L, LEDS, DAS, Time and event sampling to examine the quality of the peer play | 20 m.o. and 5 y.o. |
| Hoffman et al. (2006) | Longitudinal, prospective cohort study, Cross-sectional | 208 diverse mother-father-child triads from an ongoing longitudinal study at multiple sites in Central PA and Southern CA | Demographics, Health history, Maternal depression and scaffolding, Child's behavior and emotional dysregulation, child cognitive status, Child gender | Questionnaires, Maternal Scaffolding Coding System, CBCL, Dysregulation Coding System (problem-solving, cleaning up, and waiting tasks), CES-D, Structured laboratory visits (videotaped) | Assessments: between 0 -6 m.o. and 3-4 y.o. Lab visits: between 5-7 and 47-49 m.o. |
| Kerr et al. (2004) | Cross-sectional, cohort study | 238 parent-child from a community sample (unreported city) Subsamples: -158 fathers -189 preschool teachers |
Demographics, Child behavior (internalizing, externalizing, child restraint) Moral regulation, Discipline and parental behaviors, Child gender | Questionnaires. Laboratory assessment, CBCL/2-3, CTRF/2–5, Gift task, Active Moral Vigilance/Regulation scale, PDI | 3.5 y.o. |
| Malik et al. (2007) | Cross-sectional, cohort study | 270 diverse mother-father-child triads from five Head Start programs at multiple sites across the US | Demographics, Parental depression, Parenting stress, Child aggression, Family environment (family conflict, Punishment, Partner support, Relationship satisfaction, Family stability), Socioeconomic status | Questionnaires, CES-D, PSI-SF, CBCL, FES | Between 12 - 43 months of age |
| Marchand, et al. (2002) | Longitudinal prospective cohort study (followed from age 4 to age 6) | Community sample of 51 mother-child dyads from an unspecified US metropolitan area | Maternal depression, Mothers' hostile-controlling behavior, Children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors | CES-D, HOME, CBCL, Unstructured play, Etch-A-Sketch toy, semi-structured interview | 4 and 6 y.o. |
| Paulson et al. (2006) | Cohort study, Cross-sectional | 5,089 parent-infant dyads from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Birth Cohort (US) | Demographics, Parental depression, Health behaviors, Parent-child interactions, Child gender | Questionnaires, CES-D, Interviews | Infants |
| Righetti-Veltema et al. (2002) | Longitudinal Prospective cohort study, Random, Cross-sectional, Naturalistic | 570 women from University Maternity Hospital and a private antenatal preparation center (Switzerland) | Demographics, Perinatal data, Maternal depression, Psychological characteristics of mother, Mother-infant relationship | Questionnaires, EPDS, Home assessment and interview | N/A Women seen during 3rd trimester and 3 months after pregnancy |
| Trapolini, et al. (2007) | Longitudinal prospective cohort study | 92 mother-child dyads from the Parent Craft Centre (Australia) | Maternal depression, Attachment classification and representations, Child cognitive development | CIDI, CES-D, Strange situation procedure (videotaped), ASCS (videotaped with transcripts), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence | 4, 12, and 15 m.o. and 4 y.o. |
| Vando et al. (2008) | Longitudinal prospective study | 84 adolescent Caucasian mother-child dyads from the Early Parenting Project (Seattle, WA) | Infant attachment, Maternal depression, Hostile parenting, Child conduct problems, Child gender | BDI, Strange Situation, 3 structured Parent–child interaction tasks (Child's Game, Parent's Game, and Clean Up), CBCL | 1, 4, and 6 y.o. |
CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist, CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, EAS = Emotional Availability Scales, ITSEA= Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment, EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, SADS-L = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime, LEDS = Life Events and Difficulties Schedule, DAS = Dyadic Adjustment Scale, CTRF/2-5 = Caregiver/Teacher Report Form, Ages 2–5, PDI = Parenting Dimensions Inventory, PSI-SF = Parenting Stress Index-Stress Form, FES= Family Environment Scale, HOME = Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview, ASCS = Attachment Story Completion Task, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory.