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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 6.
Published in final edited form as: Infect Genet Evol. 2011 Sep 23;11(8):2011–2019. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.010

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Historical dissemination of DENV-3 in the Americas. The genomic associations portrayed in the phylogenetic analysis were plotted over this satellite image of the American continents. Each line connects an immediate ancestor with its succeeding viral isolate. Red pins indicate the countries that originated DENV-3 isolates. The green dashed lines represent transmission in and prior to 1998. Yellow lines represent transmission in and after 1999. According to the temporal and phylogenetic data, DENV-3 was re-introduced in Nicaragua in 1994. There is no evidence showing transmission of the virus until its re-appearance in 1998, where it was isolated in Nicaragua and Puerto Rico. Phylogenetic relationships show that the Nicaraguan strain is ancestral to the Puerto Rican strain but the latter experienced sustained transmission in the island. The Puerto Rican isolates lie basal to the rest of all other DENV-3 viruses isolated after 1998 in the Americas, suggesting that Puerto Rico was the springboard that launched the re-emergence of DENV-3 in the Americas.