Table 1.
Standard parameter values for each host species. The superscripts m,r,u stand for migrating ducks, resident ducks and ruddy turnstones, respectively.
| parameter | symbol | value/range | unit | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mallards | ||||
| direct transmission (baseline) |  |
0.01 | year−1 | parametrization |
| amplitude of seasonality |  |
0.75 | parametrization | |
| birth rate |  |
2 | year−1 | [42] |
| average death rate |  |
0.5 | year−1 | [42] |
| recovery rate | γm | 52 | year−1 | [1] |
| loss of immunity | εm | 2.004 | year−1 | parametrization |
| consumption rate | ρm | 1.3804 × 10−12 | year−1 | parametrization |
| infection shape parameter | κ | 100 | EID50 | [43] |
| shedding rate | ωm | 1012 | EID50 year−1 | [44] |
| persistence | η | 4.9–42.6 | year−1 | [19] |
| American black ducks | ||||
| direct transmission (baseline) |  |
0.01 | year−1 | assumed
|
| amplitude of seasonality |  |
0.75 | assumed
|
|
| birth rate |  |
2 | year−1 | [34] |
| average death rate |  |
0.5 | year−1 | [34] |
| recovery rate | γr | 52 | year−1 | [1] |
| loss of immunity | εr | 2.004 | year−1 | assumed = εm |
| consumption rate | ρr | 1.3804 × 10−12 | year−1 | assumed = ρm |
| infection shape parameter | κ | 100 | EID50 | [43] |
| shedding rate | ωr | 1012 | EID50 year−1 | [44] |
| persistence | η | 13.9–42.6 | year−1 | [19] |
| ruddy turnstones | ||||
| direct transmission (baseline) |  |
0.005 | year−1 | assumed
|
| amplitude of seasonality |  |
0.5 | estimated | |
| birth rate |  |
1.5 | year−1 | [45] |
| death rate | μu | 0.15 | year−1 | [45] |
| recovery rate | γu | 52 | year−1 | [46] |
| loss of immunity | εu | 1 | year−1 | [41] |
| consumption rate | ρu | 1.3804 × 10−12 | year−1 | assumed = ρm |
| infection shape parameter | κ | 100 | EID50 | — |
| shedding rate | ωu | 1010 | EID50 year−1 | D. Stallknecht, estimate based on unpublished data (2007–2008) |
| persistence | η | 1.6–167.9 | year−1 | [19] |
| predator shape parameter | θ | 10−4 | year−1 | — |
| number of horseshoe crabs | E | 1–105 | — |