Figure 10.

Whole-bone distribution of Von Mises stress under bending loading regime. (a) Erinaceus femur. (b) Uria tibia. Values in legend reported in kilopascals (kPa). Note the regular increase in σ_vm towards the fixed end in the beam-like tibia of the guillemot. In contrast, note the uneven distribution of stresses in the hedgehog femur, probably owing to irregular geometry down-shaft and the occurrence of degree of torsion under bending. Loads applied are species-specific and correspond to 1% of body mass (table 1).