Figure 3.

Calculating shaft curvature and diaphyseal cross-sectional properties. (a) Normalized curvature lever arm is calculated as the perpendicular distance from the proximal–distal chord to the centroid at midshaft (x), divided by the radius. The angle of curvature () is the angle between the proximal–distal chord, and the chord joining the proximal-most point with the centroid. (b) t_min is the minimum cortical wall thickness at midshaft, and A is the shaded area enclosed by the median boundary running halfway between the periosteal and endosteal contours.