Fig. 4.

TNFα production by peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated from ACE knockout (ACE KO), wild-type (WT), ACE 10/10 (10/10), N-KO, and C-KO mice. The cells were cultured in vitro overnight with lipopolysaccharide, and the level of TNFα within the culture media was measured. Data points from individual mice are shown, as well as group means and S.E.M. Large amounts of TNFα were made by N-KO macrophages, implying fundamental biochemical differences between these macrophages and equivalent cells from wild-type mice (Ong et al., 2012).