Figure 1.

Task used in the experiment. On each trial, participants either had to read aloud the cue (in this case “star”) or to verbalize their prediction for the upcoming stimulus (in this case “yellow”). After 1,000 ms the fixation point appeared on screen and after another 1,500 ms the stimulus appeared on screen (in this case red in the prediction trial, signifying a mismatch, and a star in the cued trial, signifying a match). The participants manually responded to the stimulus by pressing one of two keys. The next trial started 500 ms after the response. The mapping of the stimulus types (shape, color) to the expectation conditions and the order of the expectation conditions was balanced over participants.