Table 2.
Linear regression models depicting the association between oral hygiene categories (with and without selected covariates) and cardiovascular disease risk among disease-free adults in the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (N=712).
| Cardiovascular disease risk score (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | Crude model | Fully adjusted model | Reduced model |
| Intercept | 0.076 ±0.006, p<0.001 | 0.255 ±0.022, p<0.001 | 0.252 ±0.017, p<0.001 |
| Oral hygiene | |||
| Excellent | 0.010 ±0.009, p=0.309 | −0.019 ±0.008, p=0.020 | –0.018 ±0.007, p=0.015 |
| Good | ref. | ref. | ref. |
| Fair | 0.026 ±0.003, p<0.001 | 0.000 ±0.006, p=0.980 | 0.000 ±0.006, p=0.960 |
| Poor | 0.043 ±0.019, p=0.028 | 0.011 ±0.009, p=0.252 | 0.009 ±0.010, p=0.371 |
| Age (years) | |||
| 30–38 | --- | −0.193 ±0.015, p<0.001 | –0.189 ±0.015, p<0.001 |
| 39–47 | --- | −0.159 ±0.014, p< 0.001 | –0.155 ±0.014, p<0.001 |
| 48–56 | --- | −0.104 ±0.015, p<0.001 | –0.102 ±0.014, p<0.001 |
| 57–65 | --- | −0.059 ±0.015, p=0.001 | –0.058 ±0.015, p<0.001 |
| 66–74 | --- | ref. | ref. |
| Sex | |||
| Female | --- | −0.073 ±0.006, p<0.001 | –0.075 ±0.005, p<0.001 |
| Male | --- | ref. | ref. |
| Marital status | |||
| Not married/living with partner | --- | 0.000 ±0.007, p=0.975 | --- |
| Married/living with partner | --- | ref. | --- |
| Education | |||
| Bachelors degree or higher | --- | 0.002 ±0.007, p=0.721 | --- |
| Associate degree/some college | --- | 0.002 ±0.006, p=0.800 | --- |
| High school or less | --- | ref. | --- |
| Dental care coverage | |||
| Covered | --- | 0.002 ±0.007, p=0.785 | --- |
| Not covered | --- | ref. | --- |
| Dental check in last year | |||
| Yes | --- | −0.021 ±0.007, p=0.005 | –0.019 ±0.007, p=0.009 |
| No | --- | ref. | ref. |
| Smoking | |||
| Current | --- | 0.063 ±0.008, p<0.001 | 0.062 ±0.008, p<0.001 |
| Former | --- | 0.002 ±0.005, p=0.611 | 0.002 ±0.005, p=0.622 |
| Never | --- | ref. | ref. |
| Saturated fat intake (grams per day) | --- | 0.000 ±0.001, p=0.649 | --- |
| Sedentary behavior (hours per day) | --- | −0.002 ±0.001, p=0.120 | --- |
Values are reported as point estimate ±standard error, p-value. Positive values indicate a greater risk score relative to the reference category (or 1-unit increase for continuous predictor variables) and negative values indicate a lower risk score relative to the reference category.
Bolded values denote point estimate was p < 0.05.
The fully adjusted model includes all examined covariate terms, whereas the reduced model includes only covariate terms that (1) changed the oral hygiene point estimate by >10%, or (2) had p < 0.05 in their adjusted association with cardiovascular disease risk score.