Table 2.
Association between selected variables and falls among institutionalized older adults in Madrid, Spain
| Variables | Crude RR | RRa (95% CI) | RRb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male gender |
1.21 |
1.37 (0.74-2.53) |
1.12 (0.60-2.07) |
| Age (per 5 y) |
1.02 |
0.95 (0.81-1.11) |
0.86 (0.71-1.03) |
| Marital status (no spouse) |
1.00 |
1.27 (0.72-2.26) |
1.71 (0.93-3.17) |
| Education |
|
|
|
| Less than primary |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Primary |
1.27 |
1.22 (0.63-2.37) |
1.06 (0.53-2.12) |
| Secondary or higher |
1.30 |
1.09 (0.49-2.45) |
1.17 (0.54-2.52) |
| Length of stay (years) |
|
|
|
| 0-2 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| 3-5 |
1.05 |
1.11 (0.61-2.02) |
1.34 (0.72-2.50) |
| ≥ 6 |
1.38 |
1.50 (0.78-2.87) |
1.31 (0.68-2.53) |
| Facility size (per 50 beds) |
1.01 |
1.03 (0.94-1.13) |
1.01 (0.93-1.10) |
| Facility |
|
|
|
| Public |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Subsidized |
1.69 |
1.14 (0.59-2.20) |
1.41(0.62-3.20) |
| Private |
1.29 |
1.02 (0.49-2.14) |
1.13 (0.57-2.23) |
| No. of diseases (per 1) |
1.40 |
1.40 (1.27-1.54) |
1.32 (1.17-1.50) |
| No. of medications (per 1) |
1.27 |
1.19 (1.06-1.33) |
1.07 (0.95-1.21) |
| Antidepressant use |
3.30 |
3.40 (1.65-7.04) |
2.32 (1.22-4.40) |
| Anxiolytic use |
1.73 |
1.64 (0.80-3.36) |
1.48 (0.75-2.91) |
| Hypnotic use |
0.56 |
0.50 (0.23-1.08) |
0.62 (0.24-1.56) |
| Antipsychotic use |
1.26 |
0.73 (0.36-1.49) |
0.92 (0.47-1.82) |
| Functional dependence |
|
|
|
| Independent (100c) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Mild (91-99) |
2.24 |
2.16 (0.70-6.60) |
1.89 (0.60-5.97) |
| Moderate (61-90) |
3.58 |
2.76 (1.19-6.37) |
2.39 (0.87-6.55) |
| Severe (21-60) |
6.17 |
5.03 (1.77-14.28) |
3.02 (1.17-7.78) |
| Total (0-20) |
1.83 |
0.89 (0.24-3.25) |
0.86 (0.26-2.82) |
| Use of cane |
1.59 |
2.07 (0.93-4.61) |
1.55 (0.79-3.07) |
| Use of walker |
2.29 |
1.33 (0.63-2.80) |
0.91 (0.46-1.82) |
| Behavioural problems |
1.98 |
1.32 (0.64-2.74) |
1.09 (0.56-2.11) |
| Cognitive status |
|
|
|
| Normal (≤2d) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
| Mild (3–4) |
1.10 |
0.77 (0.35-1.70) |
0.78 (0.33-1.83) |
| Moderate (5–7) |
1.52 |
0.90 (0.42-1.94) |
0.68 (0.29-1.60) |
| Severe (≥8) |
1.77 |
1.85 (0.58-5.87) |
2.15 (0.82-5.65) |
| Vision (moderate/severe) |
1.22 |
0.89 (0.51-1.57) |
0.90 (0.55-1.47) |
| Hearing (moderate/severe) |
0.97 |
0.90 (0.38-2.13) |
1.11 (0.49-2.54) |
| Insomnia |
1.21 |
1.16 (0.63-2.15) |
0.88 (0.50-1.55) |
| Urinary incontinence |
3.42 |
2.89 (1.48-5.65) |
2.56 (1.32-4.94) |
| Physical restraint |
1.11 |
0.74 (0.28-1.93) |
0.63 (0.29-1.36) |
| Self-rated health (fair/poor/very poor) |
2.00 |
1.65 (0.93-2.95) |
1.34 (0.74-2.41) |
| Physician-rated health (fair/poor/very poor) |
2.31 |
2.11 (1.18-3.78) |
0.97 (0.55-1.71) |
| Depressive symptoms (per 1 GDS point) | 1.14 | 1.06 (0.95-1.19) | 1.01 (0.92-1.11) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; RR = rate ratio.
a Rate ratio adjusted for age, sex, cognitive status, and functional dependence.
b Additionally adjusted for number of diseases and number of medications (for psychotropic the particular index drug was excluded from the count).
c Barthel Index score.
d Pfeiffer's Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire score.