Table 4.
Association of variables with risk of any fall, by severity of fall, among institutionalized older adults in Madrid, Spain
| |
Non-severe |
Severe |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | P value b |
| Male gender |
0.99 (0.54-1.81) |
1.25 (0.54-2.88) |
0.60 |
| Age (per 5 y) |
0.92 (0.72-1.17) |
1.00 (0.72-1.38) |
0.67 |
| No spouse |
1.25 (0.60-2.62) |
2.60 (0.62-10.87) |
0.28 |
| Education |
|
|
0.54 |
| Primary |
1.61 (0.81-3.20) |
0.85 (0.31-2.32) |
|
| Secondary or higher |
1.47 (0.54-3.99) |
1.08 (0.29-4.03) |
|
| Length of stay (years) |
|
|
0.95 |
| 0-2 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
| 3-5 |
1.27 (0.58-2.79) |
1.01 (0.30-3.42) |
|
| ≥ 6 |
1.41 (0.61-3.24) |
1.22 (0.37-4.05) |
|
| Facility size (per 50 beds) |
1.08 0.99-1.17) |
1.12 (0.95-1.32) |
0.58 |
| Facility ownership |
|
|
0.52 |
| Public |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
| Subsidized |
0.74 (0.35-1.55) |
1.07 (0.31-3.69) |
|
| Private |
0.64 (0.31-1.33) |
0.43 (0.14-1.38) |
|
| No. of diseases |
1.40 (1.26-1.55) |
1.47 (1.17-1.84) |
0.68 |
| No. of medications |
1.31 (1.19-1.44) |
1.17 (1.01-1.36) |
0.22 |
| Antidepressant use |
3.94 (1.87-8.30) |
1.28 (0.29-5.64) |
0.16 |
| Anxiolytic use |
1.53 (0.74-3.20) |
0.84 (0.27-2.63) |
0.22 |
| Hypnotic use |
0.60 (0.19-1.88) |
0.41 (0.07-2.28) |
0.69 |
| Antipsychotic use |
0.99 (0.37-2.68) |
0.71 (0.17-3.01) |
0.69 |
| Functional dependence |
|
|
0.89 |
| Independent (100c) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
| Mild (91-99) |
1.15 (0.44-2.97) |
2.50 (0.21-29.45) |
|
| Moderate (61-90) |
2.44 (0.80-7.42) |
4.72 (0.78-28.49) |
|
| Severe/Total (0-60) |
2.79 (0.78-10.01) |
6.67 (0.89-49.95) |
|
| Use of cane |
2.21 (1.02-4.82) |
0.85 (0.28-2.62) |
0.14 |
| Use of walker |
1.22 (0.49-3.06) |
2.16 (0.61-7.68) |
0.47 |
| Behavioral problems |
1.30 (0.53-3.19) |
0.76 (0.23-2.47) |
0.46 |
| Cognitive status |
|
|
0.55 |
| Normal (≤2d) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
| Mild (3-4) |
0.77 (0.26-2.28) |
1.64 (0.39-6.99) |
|
| Moderate (5-7) |
0.91 (0.37-2.19) |
0.34 (0.05-2.39) |
|
| Severe (≥8) |
1.84 (0.47-7.23) |
1.46 (0.31-7.01) |
|
| Vision problems |
1.63 (0.82-3.26) |
0.68 (0.11-4.15) |
0.37 |
| Hearing problems |
0.95 (0.29-3.14) |
1.80 (0.45-7.10) |
0.43 |
| Insomnia |
1.91 (0.92-3.96) |
0.78 (0.28-2.15) |
0.18 |
| Urinary incontinence |
2.74 (1.42-5.30) |
1.34 (0.49-3.66) |
0.20 |
| Physical restraint |
0.88 (0.30-2.56) |
1.00 (0.27-3.75) |
0.85 |
| Poor self-rated health |
1.76 (0.95-3.28) |
1.32 (0.49-3.55) |
0.65 |
| Poor physician-rated health |
2.20 (1.24-3.90) |
2.77 (0.78-9.81) |
0.73 |
| Depressive symptoms |
1.17 (1.03-1.33) |
1.14 (0.94-1.38) |
0.82 |
| Cancer |
2.46 (0.99-6.14) |
2.94 (0.97-8.92) |
0.77 |
| Obstructive pulmonary disease |
1.77 (0.88-3.57) |
4.26 (1.35-13.46) |
0.19 |
| Arrhythmias |
2.48 (1.13-5.47) |
3.46 (1.32-9.02) |
0.54 |
| Hypertension |
1.18 (0.61-2.30) |
3.02 (1.05-8.68) |
0.13 |
| Ischemic heart disease |
1.19 (0.51-2.79) |
0.79 (0.23-2.74) |
0.59 |
| Congestive heart failure |
1.73 (0.89-3.35) |
1.75 (0.63-4.87) |
0.98 |
| Peripheral arterial disease |
1.93 (1.06-3.49) |
3.23 (1.23-8.52) |
0.34 |
| Stroke in past year |
2.18 (0.64-7.46) |
0.42 (0.05-3.83) |
0.22 |
| Diabetes |
1.24 (0.58-2.64) |
1.09 (0.33-3.62) |
0.87 |
| Anemia |
2.55 (1.26-5.17) |
1.67 (0.75-3.74) |
0.40 |
| Alzheimer's disease |
0.94 (0.39-2.29) |
0.23 (0.02-2.36) |
0.20 |
| Other dementias |
0.94 (0.39-2.23) |
1.41 (0.51-3.89) |
0.43 |
| Parkinson's disease |
1.63 (0.69-3.84) |
0.84 (0.18-3.95) |
0.47 |
| Epilepsy |
1.64 (0.52-5.16) |
3.89 (0.82-18.47) |
0.34 |
| Depression |
3.70 (1.95-7.03) |
1.80 (0.64-5.02) |
0.20 |
| Anxiety disorder |
2.51 (1.50-4.20) |
2.04 (0.90-4.64) |
0.65 |
| Arthritis | 1.65 (0.85-3.19) | 3.68 (1.00-13.58) | 0.24 |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
a Odds ratio of suffering at least one fall, adjusted for age, sex, cognitive status, and functional dependence. The reference base outcome group is non-fallers.
b Two-sided tests of the equality of non-severe and severe fall coefficients.
c Barthel Index score. Severe and total categories were collapsed due to small numbers
d Pfeiffer's Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire score.