Table 4. Clinical characteristics of subgroup patients.
| Characteristics | HR>median (68 beats/min) (n = 413) | HR<median (68 beats/min) (n = 436) | CAD (+) (n = 162) | CAD (−) (n = 687) | LVEF <50% (n = 103) | LVEF >50% (n = 746) |
| Age (year) | 60.5±14.2 | 62.6±12.7* | 63.7±12.0 | 61.1±13.7* | 63.9±14.8 | 61.3±13.2 |
| Male gender (%) | 56.4 | 54.4 | 80.2 | 49.5** | 68.0 | 53.7* |
| Smoking history (%) | 14.5 | 14.3 | 19.8 | 13.1* | 20.4 | 13.6 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 32.7 | 25.2* | 42.0 | 25.8** | 35.0 | 28.0 |
| Hypertension (%) | 72.1 | 71.1 | 63.4 | 73.5* | 56.3 | 73.6** |
| CAD (%) | 15.0 | 22.9* | 100 | 0** | 47.6 | 15.1** |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 5.1 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 5.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.5±20.3 | 135.2±21.2 | 130.1±19.7 | 137.2±20.8** | 128.7±21.6 | 136.8±20.5** |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.9±11.8 | 75.0±11.4** | 73.4±9.9 | 77.7±12.0** | 74.6±13.2 | 77.2±11.6* |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 57.5±14.0 | 60.2±14.3* | 56.7±1.45 | 59.4±14.1* | 54.0±14.5 | 59.6±14.1** |
| HR (beats/min) | 79.2±9.5 | 60.6±5.4** | 66.2±11.0 | 70.5±12.2** | 76.0±17.2 | 68.8±11.0** |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3±4.3 | 26.1±3.6 | 26.4±3.4 | 26.1±4.1 | 25.6±4.3 | 26.3±3.9 |
| bPEP (ms) | 99.8±19.5 | 103.4±16.2* | 102.4±16.9 | 101.4±18.2 | 118.0±25.2 | 99.4±15.4** |
| bET (ms) | 266.5±28.9 | 304.5±25.7** | 290.7±32.2 | 284.9±33.4 | 261.1±41.5 | 289.4±30.5** |
| bPEP/bET | 0.38±0.10 | 0.34±0.07** | 0.36±0.09 | 0.36±0.09 | 0.47±0.14 | 0.35±0.07** |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||||
| PEP (ms) | 71.8±16.5 | 74.2±16.3* | 72.4±16.2 | 73.2±16.5 | 87.4±21.8 | 71.1±14.5** |
| ET (ms) | 271.9±30.1 | 307.5±29.2** | 296.9±34.2 | 288.6±34.5* | 268.2±39.7 | 293.2±32.7** |
| PEP/ET | 0.27±0.08 | 0.25±0.07** | 0.25±0.07 | 0.26±0.08 | 0.34±0.11 | 0.25±0.06** |
| LAVI (ml/m2) | 33.3±15.2 | 35.0±13.7 | 37.0±15.2 | 33.5±14.3* | 46.7±18.7 | 32.4±13.0** |
| LV relative wall thickness | 10.0±1.9 | 9.9±1.7 | 9.9±1.7 | 10.0±1.8 | 9.6±1.9 | 10.0±1.8* |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 134.8±49.7 | 139.5±40.9 | 142.8±44.5 | 135.9±45.6 | 182.1±58.4 | 131.0±39.6** |
| LV geometry | ||||||
| non-LVH | 18.2 | 18.3 | 21.0 | 17.6 | 7.8 | 19.8* |
| concentric remodeling | 12.8 | 3.9** | 8.6 | 9.3* | 0 | 9.4* |
| eccentric LVH | 43.3 | 52.8* | 54.3 | 46.7 | 82.5 | 43.3** |
| concentric LVH | 25.7 | 25.0 | 21.0 | 26.3 | 9.7 | 27.6** |
| LVEF (%) | 62.2±12.7 | 64.8±11.3* | 57.4±13.3 | 65.0±11.3** | 38.4±8.4 | 67.0±7.5** |
| E (cm/s) | 69.8±21.8 | 71.6±21.5 | 69.1±20.3 | 71.1±22.0 | 71.1±27.0 | 70.7±20.9 |
| A (cm/s) | 82.0±22.5 | 77.8±21.7* | 77.7±19.5 | 80.3±22.8 | 74.1±23.9 | 80.6±21.9* |
| E/A | 0.9±0.4 | 1.0±0.4* | 1.0±0.4 | 1.0±0.4 | 1.1±0.7 | 0.9±0.4* |
| Ea (cm/s) | 8.6±3.4 | 8.6±3.1 | 7.5±2.7 | 8.8±3.3** | 5.7±2.5 | 9.0±3.1** |
| E/Ea | 9.4±5.1 | 9.5±4.6 | 10.5±5.3 | 9.2±4.7* | 14.2±6.7 | 8.8±4.2** |
| E-wave deceleration time (ms) | 200.5±62.7 | 214.2±66.8* | 207.9±66.5 | 207.4±64.9 | 187.5±75.3 | 210.3±63.3* |
Abbreviations. HR, heart rate; CAD, coronary artery disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; bPEP, brachial pre-ejection period; bET, brachial ejection time; PEP, pre-ejection period; ET, ejection time; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LV, left ventricular; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; E, transmitral E wave velocity; A, transmitral A wave velocity; Ea, early diastolic mitral velocity.
*
P<0.05,
**
P<0.001 compared to counterpart group.