. 2013 Feb 7;8(2):e56285. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056285

Table 1. Association of infant mortality rate and death rate for age 1–4 years with per-capita state social sector expenditure from 1997 to 2009, using a mixed-effects regression model.

Age-sex group	Model term	Social sector expenditure component (95% CI)
		Health	Health-related	Education	Other	Overall
Infants, boys
	Expenditure	0.06 (−0.05 to 0.16)	0.07 (−0.03 to 0.18)	0.01 (−0.12 to 0.14)	0.01 (−0.06 to 0.08)	0.00 (−0.12 to 0.12)
	Poverty	0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)^a	0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)^a	0.05 (0.04 to 0.05)^a	0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)^a	0.05 (0.03 to 0.06)^a
	Intercept	2.64 (1.91 to 3.37)^a	2.49 (1.67 to 3.32)^a	2.94 (1.90 to 3.98)^a	2.95 (2.33 to 3.58)^a	3.00 (1.88 to 4.12)^a
	σ_t (year)	0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)^a	0.03 (0.01 to 0.06)^a	0.02 (0.01 to 0.05)^a	0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)^a	0.02 (0.01 to 0.05)^a
	σ_i (state)	0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)^a	0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)^a	0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)^a	0.49 (0.34 to 0.71)^a	0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)^a
Infants, girls
	Expenditure	0.10 (0.03 to 0.05)	0.01 (−0.12 to 0.13)	0.03 (−0.12 to 0.18)	−0.11 (−0.18 to −0.03)^a	−0.08 (−0.22 to 0.06)
	Poverty	0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)^a	0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)^a	0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)^a	0.03 (0.01 to 0.04)^a	0.03 (0.02 to 0.04)^a
	Intercept	2.58 (1.71 to 3.44)^a	3.20 (2.22 to 4.17)^a	3.01 (1.77 to 4.24)^a	4.09 (3.41 to 4.77)^a	3.92 (2.63 to 5.21)^a
	σ_t (year)	0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)^a	0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)^a	0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)^a	0.03 (0.00 to 0.08)^a	0.02 (0.01 to 0.06)^a
	σ_i (state)	0.47 (0.33 to 0.67)^a	0.46 (0.32 to 0.66)^a	0.46 (0.32 to 0.67)^a	0.42 (0.30 to 0.60)^a	0.44 (0.31 to 0.64)^a
1–4 years, boys
	Expenditure	−0.31 (−0.66 to 0.05)	−0.36 (−0.69 to −0.02)^a	−0.85 (−1.20 to −0.49)^a	−0.24 (−0.43 to −0.04)^a	−0.68 (−1.00 to −0.35)^a
	Poverty	0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)^a	0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)^a	0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)^a	0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)^a	0.03 (0.00 to 0.05)^a
	Intercept	1.91 (−0.38 to 4.19)	2.42 (−0.00 to 4.84)	6.27 (3.49 to 9.05)^a	1.66 (0.18 to 3.13)^a	5.59 (2.77 to 8.42)^a
	σ_t (year)	0.09 (0.04 to 0.22)^a	0.08 (0.03 to 0.22)^a	0.02 (0.00 to 14.30)	0.08 (0.03 to 0.19)^a	0.04 (0.01 to 0.28)^a
	σ_i (state)	0.48 (0.33 to 0.72)^a	0.51 (0.35 to 0.74)^a	0.46 (0.32 to 0.66)^a	0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)^a	0.46 (0.32 to 0.67)^a
1–4 years, girls
	Expenditure	0.03 (−0.30 to 0.36)	−0.04 (−0.36 to 0.28)	−0.47 (−0.83 to −0.11)^a	−0.22 (−0.41 to −0.04)^a	−0.41 (−0.75 to −0.08)^a
	Poverty	0.08 (0.06 to 0.10)^a	0.08 (0.05 to 0.10)^a	0.06 (0.03 to 0.08)^a	0.05 (0.03 to 0.08)^a	0.05 (0.02 to 0.08)^a
	Intercept	−0.51 (−2.69 to 1.66)	−0.04 (−2.42 to 2.35)	3.37 (0.50 to 6.24)^a	1.54 (−0.00 to 3.08)	3.38 (0.39 to 6.36)^a
	σ_t (year)	0.05 (0.01 to 0.21)^a	0.05 (0.01 to 0.20)^a	0.03 (0.00 to 0.62)^a	0.05 (0.02 to 0.16)^a	0.04 (0.01 to 0.19)^a
	σ_i (state)	0.81 (0.55 to 1.20)	0.80 (0.54 to 1.18)	0.70 (0.47 to 1.03)	0.67 (0.46 to 0.99)^a	0.68 (0.46 to 1.00)

Expenditure is measured in log per-capita terms and averaged for the five years ending in the index year. 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.

Statistically significant coefficient (5% level)