Table 1. Association of infant mortality rate and death rate for age 1–4 years with per-capita state social sector expenditure from 1997 to 2009, using a mixed-effects regression model.
Age-sex group | Model term | Social sector expenditure component (95% CI) | ||||
Health | Health-related | Education | Other | Overall | ||
Infants, boys | ||||||
Expenditure | 0.06 (−0.05 to 0.16) | 0.07 (−0.03 to 0.18) | 0.01 (−0.12 to 0.14) | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.12 to 0.12) | |
Poverty | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)a | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)a | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.05)a | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.06)a | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.06)a | |
Intercept | 2.64 (1.91 to 3.37)a | 2.49 (1.67 to 3.32)a | 2.94 (1.90 to 3.98)a | 2.95 (2.33 to 3.58)a | 3.00 (1.88 to 4.12)a | |
σt (year) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)a | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.06)a | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.05)a | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)a | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.05)a | |
σi (state) | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)a | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)a | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)a | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.71)a | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)a | |
Infants, girls | ||||||
Expenditure | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.12 to 0.13) | 0.03 (−0.12 to 0.18) | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.03)a | −0.08 (−0.22 to 0.06) | |
Poverty | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)a | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)a | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05)a | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.04)a | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04)a | |
Intercept | 2.58 (1.71 to 3.44)a | 3.20 (2.22 to 4.17)a | 3.01 (1.77 to 4.24)a | 4.09 (3.41 to 4.77)a | 3.92 (2.63 to 5.21)a | |
σt (year) | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)a | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)a | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.07)a | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.08)a | 0.02 (0.01 to 0.06)a | |
σi (state) | 0.47 (0.33 to 0.67)a | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.66)a | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.67)a | 0.42 (0.30 to 0.60)a | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.64)a | |
1–4 years, boys | ||||||
Expenditure | −0.31 (−0.66 to 0.05) | −0.36 (−0.69 to −0.02)a | −0.85 (−1.20 to −0.49)a | −0.24 (−0.43 to −0.04)a | −0.68 (−1.00 to −0.35)a | |
Poverty | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)a | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)a | 0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)a | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)a | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.05)a | |
Intercept | 1.91 (−0.38 to 4.19) | 2.42 (−0.00 to 4.84) | 6.27 (3.49 to 9.05)a | 1.66 (0.18 to 3.13)a | 5.59 (2.77 to 8.42)a | |
σt (year) | 0.09 (0.04 to 0.22)a | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.22)a | 0.02 (0.00 to 14.30) | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.19)a | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.28)a | |
σi (state) | 0.48 (0.33 to 0.72)a | 0.51 (0.35 to 0.74)a | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.66)a | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.70)a | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.67)a | |
1–4 years, girls | ||||||
Expenditure | 0.03 (−0.30 to 0.36) | −0.04 (−0.36 to 0.28) | −0.47 (−0.83 to −0.11)a | −0.22 (−0.41 to −0.04)a | −0.41 (−0.75 to −0.08)a | |
Poverty | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10)a | 0.08 (0.05 to 0.10)a | 0.06 (0.03 to 0.08)a | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.08)a | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08)a | |
Intercept | −0.51 (−2.69 to 1.66) | −0.04 (−2.42 to 2.35) | 3.37 (0.50 to 6.24)a | 1.54 (−0.00 to 3.08) | 3.38 (0.39 to 6.36)a | |
σt (year) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.21)a | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.20)a | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.62)a | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.16)a | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.19)a | |
σi (state) | 0.81 (0.55 to 1.20) | 0.80 (0.54 to 1.18) | 0.70 (0.47 to 1.03) | 0.67 (0.46 to 0.99)a | 0.68 (0.46 to 1.00) |
Expenditure is measured in log per-capita terms and averaged for the five years ending in the index year. 95% confidence intervals are given in parentheses.
Statistically significant coefficient (5% level)