Table 4 . Description of the real data set.

	μ	Min	Max	σP	N cows
Phenotype summary
Milk yield	7.61 × 10−9	−1,426.85	1,284.05	213.54	469,454
Fat yield	7.26 × 10−10	−125.86	114.04	16.75	470,260
Protein yield	−6.75 × 10−13	−63.22	54.86	8.71	469,171
Somatic cell score	5.57 × 10−12	−3.60	3.61	0.42	471,093
Summary of family structure
Daughters per sire	283.0	1	18,030
Granddaughters per sire	274.7	1	33,139
Cows per combination of sire and grandsire	6.3	1	2,411

The top section summarizes the mean (μ), minimum (min), and maximum (max) values of the YD as well as their respective standard deviation (σ_P) and the number of cows with available phenotypes. The bottom section summarizes the family structure.