Figure 4 .

Nonindependent mate pairing in the harem for life model using the long age structure has a large effect on the relative N_e of xDNA vs. aDNA compared to the independent mate pairing in the seasonal harem model. Open circles indicate ratios for simulations of the harem for life model, with harem sizes of 2, 3, 9, and 18 for a population with 522 adult males and 522 adult females, plotted on a log scale. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Gray circles are ratios for the seasonal harem model with the same harem sizes. All of these ratios are based on 4000 simulations. The thick dashed line indicates the theoretical maximum of 1.125 for the relative N_e of xDNA vs. aDNA, and the thin gray line is the theoretical expectation for the seasonal harem model. The fit of the harem for life simulations to the theoretical expectation for the seasonal harem model is significantly worse than the fit of the seasonal harem simulations to this expectation (see Results).