Table 2.
Comparing depressive and non-depressive stroke patients 3 months poststroke
| Characteristics | Depression (n = 38) | No depression (n = 97) | p value of difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics1 | |||
| Gender | |||
| Male/female | 18/20 (47.4/52.6) | 63/34 (64.9/35.1) | 0.061 |
| Age, years2 | 72.8 ± 11.0 | 69.0 ± 13.4 | 0.232 |
| Marital status | |||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 16 (42.1) | 26 (26.8) | 0.084 |
| Education | |||
| No education/primary school | 19 (50) | 35 (36.1) | 0.138 |
| Work situation | |||
| Retired | 34 (89.5) | 74 (76.3) | 0.085 |
| Medical history (prestroke)1 | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 23 (60.5) | 49 (50.5) | 0.294 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 9 (23.7) | 21 (21.6) | 0.798 |
| Hypertension | 28 (73.7) | 64 (66) | 0.388 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 16 (42.1) | 35 (36.1) | 0.516 |
| Diabetes | 5 (13.2) | 17 (17.5) | 0.537 |
| Other neurological conditions | 5 (13.2) | 2 (2.1) | 0.019 |
| Depression | 8 (21.1) | 19 (19.6) | 0.848 |
| Smoking | 16 (42.1) | 57 (58.8) | 0.081 |
| Alcohol consumption prior to stroke: | |||
| Male (≥21 u/week)/female (≥14 u/week) | 3 (7.9) | 10 (10.3) | 1.000 |
| Medication use baseline1 | |||
| Hypnotics/sedatives/anxiolytics | 13 (34.2) | 16 (16.5) | 0.024 |
| Antidepressants | 2 (5.3) | 13 (13.4) | 0.232 |
| Medication use follow-up1 | |||
| Hypnotics/sedatives/anxiolytics | 11 (28.9) | 20 (20.6) | 0.301 |
| Antidepressants | 10 (26.3) | 22 (22.7) | 0.655 |
| Lesion location1 | n = 32 | n = 86 | |
| Left hemispheric | 17 (53.1) | 41 (47.7) | 0.599 |
| Right hemispheric | 14 (43.8) | 35 (40.7) | 0.765 |
| Bilateral | 1 (3.1) | 10 (11.6) | 0.285 |
| Left | |||
| ACA | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | 1.000 |
| MCA | 13 (40.6) | 24 (27.9) | 0.186 |
| PCA | 1 (3.1) | 6 (7.0) | 0.672 |
| Vertebrobasilar artery | 2 (6.3) | 4 (4.7) | 0.662 |
| Right | |||
| ACA | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | 1.000 |
| MCA | 10 (31.3) | 25 (29.1) | 0.818 |
| PCA | 1 (3.1) | 3 (3.5) | 1.000 |
| Vertebrobasilar artery | 3 (9.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0.060 |
| Functional impairment2 | |||
| FIM | |||
| Total | 94.7 ± 33,4 | 115.7 ± 18.3 | <0.001 |
| Motor | 67.4 ± 25.3 | 83.2 ± 14.7 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive | 27.4 ± 9.3 | 32.5 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Level of independence2 | |||
| BI | 73.6 ± 34.4 | 92.4 ± 18.1 | <0.001 |
| Cognitive screening2 | |||
| MMSE | 25.1 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 3.9 | 0.015 |
| Neurocognitive outcome measure1 | |||
| Speech and language impairment | 14 (36.8) | 19 (19.6) | 0.036 |
| Apraxia | n = 35 | n = 97 | |
| 12 (34.3) | 12 (12.4) | 0.004 | |
| Stroke impact (SIS)2 | n = 38 | n = 96 | |
| Total | 62.9 ± 25.7 | 85.7 ± 14.5 | <0.001 |
| Mobility | 59.3 ± 32.0 | 84.8 ± 20.5 | <0.001 |
| Memory | 65.6 ± 34.7 | 91.0 ± 16.1 | <0.001 |
| Emotion | 67.2 ± 14.3 | 88.5 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| Communication | 78.0 ± 32.1 | 91.9 ± 18.5 | 0.006 |
| Activity | 49.6 ± 32.0 | 74.0 ± 24.0 | <0.001 |
| % Recovery | 57.2 ± 31.0 | 79.2 ± 19.6 | 0.001 |
Data are given as means ± SD or as numbers with percentages in parentheses, unless otherwise indicated. u = Units.
1
χ2 or Fisher's exact test (with expected counts <5) for discontinuous variables was used.
2
Student's t test (independent) for continuous variables or the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test in case of a non-normal distribution or small numbers was used.