Table 2.
Health outcomes of non-smokers exposed to SHS in the home
| Study ID | N | Outcome | OR/RR for SHS exposure compared to non-exposure | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Accidents | |||||
|
Reading et al. 2008[16] |
11,332 families |
For maternal smoking vs. non-smoking: |
|
|
|
| All accidents |
RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.12-1.23 |
<0.01 |
|||
| Medically attended accidents |
RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14-1.32 |
<0.01 |
|||
|
Asthma and Related Symptoms | |||||
|
Isle of Wight Birth Cohort | |||||
|
Arshad et al. 2005[17] |
1,373 |
Asthma at age 10 by parental smoking at age 1 vs. non-smoking |
OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.15-3.45, |
0.014 |
|
| Wheeze at age 10 by parental smoking at age 4 vs. non-smoking |
OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.25-3.81 |
0.006 |
|||
|
Kurukulaaratchy et al. 2003[18] |
169 |
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness at 10 years by parental smoking at age 4 vs. non-smoking |
OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.03-6.71 |
0.04 |
|
|
Kurukulaaratchy et al. 2004[19] |
206 |
Early-onset persistent wheeze at age 10 vs. no parental smoking: |
by parental smoking at birth |
OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.27-2.77 |
0.001 |
| by parental smoking at 1 year |
OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.39-3.02 |
<0.001 |
|||
| |
by parental smoking at 2 years |
OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.33-3.00 |
0.001 |
||
| by parental smoking at 4 years |
OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.52-3.32 |
<0.001 |
|||
|
Kurukulaaratchy et al. 2006[20] |
340 |
Wheeze ever vs. no parental smoking |
by parental smoking at 1 years |
OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.07-2.22 |
0.02 |
| by parental smoking at 2 years |
OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.21 |
0.03 |
|||
| by parental smoking at 4 years |
OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.25-2.58 |
0.001 |
|||
|
Tariq et al. 2000[21] |
1,218 |
Asthma at 4 years by exposure to SHS in the home in early childhood vs. no exposure |
OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.3-2.7 |
NR |
|
| Any allergic hypersensitivity at 4 years by exposure to SHS in the home in early childhood vs. no exposure |
OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6-1.6 |
NR |
|||
|
Other studies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hennessy et al. 2008[22] |
219 |
Any wheeze at 6 years by exposure at 30 months vs. no exposure |
OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.10-3.81 |
0.024 |
|
| 218 |
Exercise-induced wheeze at 6 years by exposure at 30 months vs. no exposure |
OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.11-4.12 |
0.022 |
||
| 219 |
Night cough at 6 years by exposure at 30 months vs. no exposure) |
OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.91-2.87 |
0.098 |
||
|
Murray et al. 2004[23] |
369 |
For mother smoking postnatally vs. non-smoking |
|
|
|
| |
Wheeze ever |
OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.10-3.38 (adjusted analysis) |
0.02 |
||
| |
Wheeze in first year |
OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.05-3.08 (adjusted analysis) |
0.03 |
||
|
Trinder et al. 2000[24] |
2996 |
Severe respiratory symptoms |
OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8 |
NR |
|
|
Chen et al. 2001[25] |
301 |
Lung function: mean residuals of FEV1 and FVC |
NR |
>0.05 |
|
|
Palmer et al. 2006[26] |
504 |
Lung function |
NR |
>0.05 |
|
|
Gee et al. 2005[27] |
95 controls |
Difference in indoor pollutant levels between asthma cases and controls |
NR |
>0.05 for all pollutants |
|
| 105 cases | |||||
|
Forbes et al. 2007[28] |
394 controls |
A&E attendance in asthma patients |
OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.80-1.58 (adjusted analysis) |
NR |
|
| |
1018 cases |
|
|
|
|
|
Crombie et al. 2001[29] |
501 families |
Health service contacts for asthma by number of cigarettes smoked by parent per day (compared to 0–5) |
6-10 |
IRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.92 |
0.0002 for trend |
| 438 children |
11-15 |
IRR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.83 |
|||
| 16-20 |
IRR 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.91 |
||||
| >20 |
IRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.47-0.93 |
||||
|
Birth weight | |||||
|
Ward et al. 2007[30] |
16,756 parents |
Mean birth weight (kg) difference between SHS exposed and non-exposed non smoking mothers |
crude |
NR |
<0.001 |
| adjusted |
|
0.025 |
|||
|
Bone Characteristics | |||||
|
Macdonald Wallis et al. 2011[31] |
3591 |
TBLH bone area in girls at age 10 by paternal smoking during pregnancy vs. no smoking |
NA |
0.029 (fully adjusted analysis) |
|
|
Breast Cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Roddam et al. 2007[32] |
640 controls, 639 cases |
Breast cancer in never smokers |
RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.64-1.25 |
NR |
|
|
Cognitive Impairment | |||||
|
Llewellyn et al. 2009[33] |
4809 |
Cognitive impairment by cotinine level quartile in non-smoker (compared to lowest quartile): |
|
|
|
| |
Second quartile cotinine level |
OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.78-1.48 |
0.02 for trend |
||
| Third quartile cotinine level |
OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.81-1.56 |
|
|||
| Fourth quartile cotinine level |
OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.07-1.94 |
|
|||
|
Dental Caries | |||||
|
Williams et al. 2000[34] |
763 |
Dental caries |
|
|
|
| |
Non-manual occupations (n = 458) |
OR 1.96, 1.00–3.85 |
0.05 |
||
| Manual occupations (n = 280) |
OR 1.55, 1.02–2.35 |
<0.05 |
|||
|
Meningitis Carriage and Disease | |||||
|
MacLennan et al. 2006[35] |
13,919 |
Meningococcal carriage in exposed (n = 5064) |
OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05-1.30 |
0.004 |
|
| vs. non-exposed (n = 8547) | |||||
| Coen 2006[36] | 144 survivors |
Meningococcal disease in adolescents exposed to smokers | OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.0–3.3 | 0.01 | |
| 144 matched controls | |||||
A&E, accident and emergency; CI, confidence interval; IFEV, forced expiratory volume; FVC, forced vital capacity; RR, incidence rate ratio; NA, not appropriate; NR, not reported; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; TBLH, total body less head.