Table 4.

Parameter estimations of the L. lactis model

	Simultaneous method		Incremental method
	$\text{min}{\mathbf{\Phi }}_{\mathbf{C}}^{\mathbf{a}}$	min ΦS	min ΦC	min ΦS
CPU time (sec)	>5 days	3476.89 ± 349.63	976.72 ± 31.01	20.82 ± 2.71
eSSM GO iterations	—	1662 ± 282	4 ± 1	33 ± 7
ΦC	—	Stiff ODE	2.20 ± 8.81 × 10-3	6.18 ± 7.28 × 10-2
ΦS	—	2.67 ± 1.93 × 10-4	1.51 × 103 ± 52.50	5.79 ± 9.62 × 10-4

a. None of five runs finished with a relative improvement of the objective function below 1% within the 5-day time limit, after iterating for 60, 147, 93, 79 and 31 times. The corresponding Φ_C at termination were 9.31, 7.57, 8.77, 9.39 and 12.9, respectively.