Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted associations between expectations and 5 treatment outcomes

	Overall improvement					Pain						Function				Stiffness					Satisfaction
	E1/E2	Association individual studies	Quality score	N	Overall association	E1/E2	Association individual studies	Quality score	N	Overall association	E1/E2	Association individual studies	Quality score	N	Overall association	E1/E2	Association individual studies	Quality score	N	Overall association	E1/E2	Association individual studies	Quality score	N	Overall association
Unadjusted associations
≤ 6 weeks						E2	r=−0.08 [36]	53%	100	O	E2	r=−0.05 [36]	53%	100	O	E1	r=0.165 ‡ [16]hips	39%	106	0	E1	OR=1.176 (ns)∫ [31]	61%	45	O
>6 weeks – ≤6 months	E2	r=0.13 [30]	79%	123	O	E1	r=0.118* [16]hips	39%	106	+−	E1	r=0.170†[16]hips	39%	106	+−		r=−0.024 ‡ [16]knees	39%	106			OR=0.593 (ns)# [31]
			r=0.24 [32]	74%	272			r=0.188* [16]knees	39%	106			r=−0.208†[16]knees	39%	106			ns [15]	58%	222		OR=1.000 (ns)∞ [31]
							p=0.001 [14]	58%	2350			p<0.001 [14]	58%	2350			p=0.46 [17]	74%	788
							p<0.05 [15]	58%	222			ns [15]	58%	222
							p=0.62 [17]	74%	788			p=0.90 [17]	74%	788
						E2	r=−0.12 [32]	74%	272		E2	r=0.19 [30]	79%	123	O
												r=−0.19 [32]	74%	272
> 6 months	E1	r=0.24 [27]	58%	146	+−	E1	p=0.012 [14]	58%	2350	+	E1	r=−0.547 [37]	6%	1302	+−	E1	OR= 1.23 (p<0.001) [34]	63%	1327	+	E1	r=−0.03 [24]	50%	44	+−
		p=0.70 ∏ [35]	50%	799			OR=1.17 (p<0.001) [34]	63%	1327			p<0.001 [14]	58%	350								r=0.274 ∫[27]	58%	146
		p=0.013 Ω [35]	50%	799								p<0.001 [28]	44%	102								r=0.262#[27]	58%	146
		OR=1.36 (=0.013) [34]	63%	1327								OR=1.25 (p<0.001) [34]	63%	1327								r=0.102§ [27]	58%	146
Adjusted associations																						p=0.171 ∫ [35]	50%	799
≤ 6 weeks	E1	β0.23 (p0.10) [33]	68%	51	O						E1	β 0.23 (p=0.11) [33]	68%	51	O							p=0.013 # [35]	50%	799
											E2	β 0.151 (ns) [36]	53%	100	O
>6 weeks – ≤6 months	E1	β-0.107(ns) [25]	58%	78	O	E1	β0.364 (p<.01)* [25]	58%	78	+−	E1	β 0.081 (ns) [25]	58%	78	+−	E1	ns [15]	58%	222	O
							β7.8 (p<.01) [15]	58%	222			ns [15]	58%	222			ns [17]	74%	788
							ns [17]	74%	788			β 8.10 (p<0.01)∞ [15]	58%	222
	E2	β0.09 (ns) [30]	79%	123	0							ns § [17]	74%	788
		β-0.193 (ns) [25]		78		E2	β-0.388 (p<.01)†[25]	58%	78	+−	E2	β0.18 [30]	78%	123	+−
		ns [32]	58%	272			OR=0.80§ [29]	68%	157			β-0.337 (p<0.05) [25]	58%	78
			74%					ns [32]	74%	272			ns § [29]	68%	157
												ns [32]	74%	272
> 6 months	E1	ns [27]	58%	146	+−	E1	p<0.001‡ [14]	58%	2350	+−	E1	p>0.05‡ [14]	58%	2350	+−	E1	OR= 1.21 (p=0.003) [34]	63%	1327	+	E1	ns [26]	53%	598	O
		OR=1.34 (p = 0.04) [34]	63%	1327			p<0.05 [26]	52%	598			ns [26]	52%	598								ns ∫ [27]	58%	146
							ns [17]	74%	788			ns [17]	74%	788								ns #[27]	58%	146
							OR=1.14 (p=0.049) [34]	63%	1327			OR=1.20 (p<0.001) [34]	63%	1327								ns § [27]	58%	146

E1 outcome expectations, E2 efficacy expectations, ns= non significant, + positive association between expectations and outcome (the higher the expectations the better the outcome), - negative association between expectations and outcome (the higher the expectations the worse the outcome), O no association between expectations and outcome, +− unclear association between expectations and outcomes, ∏ association between expectations about pain and overall improvement, Ω association between expectations about function and overall improvement *correlation between importance of expectations and WOMAC pain change score between baseline and 6 months after surgery, †correlation between importance of expectations and WOMAC function change score between baseline and 6 months after surgery, ‡correlation between importance of expectations and WOMAC stiffness change score between baseline and 6 months after surgery, ∫ association between expectations about pain and satisfaction, # association between expectations about functional limitations and satisfaction, § association between expectations about recovery time and satisfaction, ∞ association between expectations about overall success and satisfaction.