Table I.

Common gaps in knowledge among pathogens, recommendations for actions and technology needed to address prevention and control of these zoonotic threats in the context of a changing Alaskan climate.

Agent	Gaps	Actions Needed	Technology Needed
Brucella	Recent baseline levels of infection and disease in humans and wildlife unknown.	Conduct seroprevalence studies in humans and wildlife. Evaluate surveillance systems in humans and wildlife.	Brucella species specific antibody assays. Standardised diagnostics for different animal species. Development/validation of field filter paper blood collection systems for antibody detection.
	Role of marine Brucella in human and wildlife disease.	Surveillance for disease in humans and wildlife.	Marine Brucella species specific antibody assay.
Toxoplasma	Recent baseline levels of infection and disease in humans and wildlife unknown. Not a notifiable disease.	Conduct seroprevalence studies in humans and wildlife. Evaluate surveillance systems in humans and wildlife.	Development/validation of field filter paper blood collection systems for antibody detection.
	Role of predator prey cycles as a mechanism of maintenance in Arctic regions.
Trichinella	Recent baseline levels of infection and disease in humans and wildlife unknown.	Conduct seroprevalence studies in humans and wildlife. Evaluate surveillance systems in humans and wildlife.	Development/validation of field filter paper blood collection systems for antibody detection. Animal species specific antibody assays.
Giardia/Cryptosporidium	Recent baseline levels of infection and disease in humans and wildlife unknown (Underreported).	Evaluate surveillance systems in humans and wildlife.	Development/validation of serological tests.
	Significance of molecular variation of strains and relationship to disease in humans and wildlife.
Echinococcus	Recent baseline levels of infection and disease in humans and wildlife unknown.	Evaluate surveillance systems in humans and wildlife.	Development/validation of Echinococcus species specific tests for diagnostics and seroprevalence.
	Significance of molecular variation of strains and relationship to disease in humans and wildlife.
	Status of dog treatment programmes unknown.	Assessment of dog treatment programmes.
Rabies	Prevalence in wildlife reservoirs unknown. No systematic surveillance in fox populations. Ecology and interaction between Red and Arctic fox unknown. Role of climate change on disease prevalence and host species incursion.	Evaluation of Direct Immunohistochemical Test (DRIT).
Tularemia	Recent baseline levels of infection and disease in humans and wildlife unknown.	Evaluate surveillance systems in humans and wildlife.
All Agents	Inconsistent disease awareness and potential role of climate change at community, tribal, health organisation levels.	Provide necessary education, outreach and communication.
	Inconsistent communication, collaboration between subject matter experts at federal, non-federal agencies, institutes and organisations.	Convene a working group to provide communication, monitor activities, actions needed and progress.