Table 1.

Overview of studies that have targeted PGE₂ biosynthesis

Organ	Target gene	Model	Effects	Reference
Intestine	cPLA2α KO	ApcMin	SI tumor ↓ (83%)	[139]
	cPLA2α KO	AOM	Colon tumor ↑ (5.6-fold)	[3]
	COX-1 KO	ApcMin	SI tumor ↓ (77%)	[140]
	COX-1 KO	AOM/DSS	Tumor incidence ↓	[141]
	COX-2 KO	ApcMin	SI tumor ↓ (84%)	[140]
	COX-2 KO	ApcΔ716	SI tumor ↓ (86%)	[142]
	COX-2 KO	AOM/DSS	Tumor Incidence ↑	[141]
	mPGES-1 KO	ApcΔ14	SI tumor ↓ (66%) Colon tumor ↓ (51%)	[74]
	mPGES-1 KO	ApcMin	SI tumor ↑ (48%)	[143]
	mPGES-1 KO	AOM	ACF ↓ (40%) Colon tumor ↓ (85%)	[48]
	mPGES-1 KO	AOM	ACF ↓ Colon tumor ↓	[144]
	mPGES-1 Tg	AOM	ACF ↑	[144]
	EP1 KO	AOM	ACF ↓ (60%)	[89]
	EP1	ApcMin ONO-8711 (antagonist)	SI tumor ↓ (57%)	[89]
	EP2 KO	ApcΔ716	SI tumor ↓	[92]
	EP3 KO	AOM	Tumor incidence ↑ Colon tumor ↑	[90]
	EP4 KO	AOM	ACF ↓ (56%)	[85]
	EP4	AOM ONO-AE2-227 (antagonist)	ACF ↓ (67%)	[85]
	EP4	ApcMin ONO-AE2-227 (antagonist)	SI tumor ↓ (69%)	[85]
Esophagus	EP2	Barrett's metaplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma	Expression ↑	[93]
	EP4	Adenocarcinoma	Expression ↑	[93]
Liver	EP1	HepG2 cells ONO-D1-004 (agonist) ONO-8711 (antagonist)	Growth and migration ↓ Growth and migration ↓	[94]
Stomach	COX-2/mPGES-1 Tg in epithelial cells	K19-C2mE	Gastric hyperplasia and tumorous growth ↑	[81]
	EP2/4	MKN-7 MKN-28 MKN45 AGS ONO-AE1-259-01 ONO-AE1-329 (agonists)	Cell proliferation ↓	[145]
Breast	COX-2 Tg COX-2 KO HER2/neu Tg	MMTV MMTV / NDL	Tumor incidence ↑ Tumors ↓ (50%)	[146] [147]
	Floxed COX-2 in mammary epithelial cells	MPA / DMBA	Delayed onset	[80]
Skin	EP2 KO	DMBA / TPA	Tumors ↓	[148]
	EP2 Tg	DMBA / TPA	Tumors ↑	[148]

ACF, aberrant crypt foci; AOM, azoxymethane; DMBA, 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, KO, knockout; MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus; MPA, medroxyprogesterone acetate; NDL, neu deletion mutant; SI, small intestine; Tg, transgenic; TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate