Table 1.
Standardized or established measurement tools for psychological indicators used in the reviewed studies
| Indicators | Standardized measurement tools | Authors, years |
|---|---|---|
| Emotional adjustment | ||
| Depression | CDI a | Kovacs, 1992 |
| CESD-C d | Fendrich, Weissman, & Warner, 1990 | |
| Reynold Child Depression Scale s | Reynold, 1999 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory u | Beck, Wald, Mendelson, Mock, & ErBaugh, 1961 | |
| Depression Subscale, BYI y | Beck, Beck, & Jolly, 2001 | |
| Anger | Anger Subscale, BYI y | Beck, Beck, & Jolly, 2001 |
| Anxiety | Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale-Revised b | Reynolds & Richmond, 1978 |
| Anxiety Subscale, GHQ o | Goldberg & hillier, 1979 | |
| Anxiety Subscale, CRS h; | Hightower, 1987 | |
| State Trait Anxiety Inventory Child Version n | Spielberger, 1973 | |
| Anxiety Subscale, BYI y | Beck, Beck, & Jolly, 2001 | |
| Post-traumatic stress | Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist c | Amaya-Jackson, Newman & Lipschitz, 2000 |
| Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children i | Birere, 1996 | |
| Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children r | Townsend, 2002 | |
| Impact of Event Scale-8 x | Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979 | |
| Loneliness | Children’s Loneliness Scale j | Asher, Hymel, Renshaw, 1984 |
| Hopelessness | Beck Hopelessness Inventory m; | Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexier, 1974 |
| Emotional problems | Emotional Problems Subscale, SDQ l | Goodman, 1997 |
| Internalizing Problems Subscale, CBCL z | Achenbach, 1991 | |
| Emotional adjustment items, MMPI-2 p | Butcher, 1995 | |
| Emotional problems, Conner’s Parent’s Rating Scale q | Conners, Parker, Sitarenios, & Epstein, 1998 | |
| Behavioral adjustment | ||
| Hyperactivity | Hyperactivity Subscale, SDQ l | Goodman, 1997 |
| Disruptive behaviors | Disruptive Behaviors Subscale, BYI y | Beck, Beck, & Jolly, 2001 |
| Delinquency | Delinquent Subscale, Youth Self Report w | Achenbach, 1991 |
| Behavioral problems | Acting Out Subscale, CRS h | Hightower, 1987 |
| Conduct Problems Subscale, SDQ l | Goodman, 1997 | |
| Externalizing Problems Subscale, CBCL z | Achenbach, 1991 | |
| Behavioral problems, Conner’s Parent’s Rating Scale q | Conners, Parker, Sitarenios, & Epstein 1998 | |
| Social adjustment | ||
| Self-esteem | Self-Esteem Scale e | Rosenberg, 1965 |
| Self-Concept Subscale, BYI y | Beck, Beck, & Jolly, 2001 | |
| Self-efficacy | Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children k | Muris, 2001; Suklo & Shaffer 2007 |
| Future expectation | Children Future Expectation Scale f | Bryan, Rocheleau, Robbins, & Hutchison, 2005 |
| Future orientation | Hope and Control about Future g | Whitaker, Miller, & Clark, 2000 |
| Peer skills/problems | Peer Social Skills Subscale, CRS h | Hightower, 1987 |
| Peer problems Subscale, SDQ l | Goodman, 1997 | |
| School interest | School interest Subscale, CRS h | Hightower, 1987 |
| Social competence | Perceived Competence Scale for Children and Parents t | Harter, 1982 |
| Items of social competence, CBCL z | Achenbach, 1991 | |
| Social adjustment items, MMPI-2 p | Butcher, 1995 | |
| Pro-social behaviors | Pro-social Subscale, SDQ l; | Goodman, 1997 |
| Quality of life | Inventory of Subjective Life Quality for Children and Adolescents v | Cheng, Gao, & Peng, 1998 |
| The PedsQL 4.0 α | Varni, Burwinkle, & Seid, 2006 | |
Note. CDI = Children’s Depression Inventory; CESD-C = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children; BYI = Beck Youth Inventories; GHQ = General Health Questionnaire; CRS = Child Rating Scale; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; Questionnaire; MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.