Table 2.
Association between elevated depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 4 versus <4) and definite/probable MI or death.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Elevated Depressive symptoms | 1.41 (1.15 – 1.72) | 1.25 (1.02 – 1.52) | 1.14 (0.93 – 1.40) |
|
| |||
| Age, per 10 years | 1.52 (1.39 – 1.65) | 1.53 (1.40 – 1.67) | 1.64 (1.50 – 1.80) |
|
| |||
| Male | 1.44 (1.22 – 1.69) | 1.46 (1.24 – 1.72) | 1.54 (1.31 – 1.82) |
|
| |||
| Black | 1.11 (0.94 – 1.30) | 1.00 (0.85 – 1.18) | 0.97 (0.82 – 1.14) |
|
| |||
| High school graduate | 0.87 (0.73 – 1.05) | 0.94 (0.78 – 1.13) | 0.97 (0.80 – 1.16) |
|
| |||
| Annual household Income < $20K | 1.53 (1.28 – 1.83) | 1.45 (1.21 – 1.73) | 1.30 (1.09 – 1.56) |
|
| |||
| Body mass index, per 5 kg/m2 | 0.94 (0.88 – 1.01) | 0.89 (0.83 – 0.95) | 0.91 (0.84 – 0.97) |
|
| |||
| Hypertension | * | 1.20 (0.99 – 1.43) | 1.21 (1.01 – 1.44) |
|
| |||
| Myocardial infarction† | * | 1.35 (1.14 – 1.60) | 1.31 (1.11 – 1.55) |
|
| |||
| Stroke† | * | 1.43 (1.19 – 1.72) | 1.34 (1.11 – 1.61) |
|
| |||
| Diabetes Mellitus | * | 1.58 (1.35 – 1.84) | 1.55 (1.33 – 1.80) |
|
| |||
| Aspirin | * | 0.90 (0.77 – 1.05) | 0.89 (0.76 – 1.05) |
|
| |||
| Beta blocker | * | 1.18 (1.02 – 1.37) | 1.18 (1.02 – 1.36) |
|
| |||
| Thienopyridine | * | 1.36 (1.13 – 1.64) | 1.35 (1.12 – 1.63) |
|
| |||
| ACE-inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker | * | 1.04 (0.89 – 1.21) | 1.05 (0.90 – 1.22) |
|
| |||
| Statin | * | 0.73 (0.63 – 0.85) | 0.75 (0.64 – 0.87) |
|
| |||
| Antidepressant use | 1.29 (1.07 – 1.56) | 1.20 (0.99 – 1.45) | |
|
| |||
| Alcohol use | * | * | |
| None | 1 (ref) | ||
| Light to moderate | 0.93 (0.79 – 1.09) | ||
| High | 0.69 (0.43 – 1.11) | ||
|
| |||
| Current Smoking | * | * | 2.06 (1.71 – 2.47) |
|
| |||
| Physical activity | * | * | |
| Any | 1 (ref) | ||
| None | 1.47 (1.27 – 1.71) | ||
|
| |||
| Morisky scale for | * | * | |
| medication adherence | |||
| 0 (best adherence) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 1 | 1.15 (0.97 – 1.35) | ||
| 2 | 1.23 (0.90 – 1.67) | ||
| 3 or 4 (worst adherence) | 0.80 (0.51 – 1.25) | ||
Models also included adjustment for geographic region of residence.
*
not included in regression model
†
history of myocardial infarction and stroke as identified by self-report