Table 2.
Molecules/methods | Cell type | Injured tissue | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Increased cell homing/engraftment | |||
Enhancement of injured tissue homing/engraftment signal | |||
SDF-1 local injection | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [148] |
SDF-1 local gene therapy | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [149] |
U/S to upregulate local SDF-1, VEGF, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 | MSC, BM-MNC | Heart | [198–201] |
Low-energy shockwave to upregulate SDF-1 | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [150] |
Systemic coadministration of growth factors/cytokines | |||
G-CSF | BM-MNC | Brain, liver | [202,203] |
HGF | BM-MNC | Liver | [204] |
SDF-1 | BM-MNC | Liver | [205] |
Ex vivo modulation of cell function: gene therapies | |||
Enhancement of cell homing/function | |||
eNOS, CXCR4 | MSC, EPC | Artery, heart | [157,158,166–169,206] |
Enhancement of cell survival | |||
TERT | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [207] |
HSP-70, Bcl-2, Akt, GSK, ILK | MSC | Heart | [152–156] |
Enhancement of cell survival/paracrine signaling | |||
HGF | EPC | Artery | [164] |
VEGF | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [163] |
SDF-1 | MSC | Heart | [165] |
IGF-1 | EPC | Heart | [208] |
Ex vivo modulation of cell function: small molecules | |||
Enhancement of cell survival/function | |||
AVE9488 (eNOS enhancer) | EPC | Heart | [159] |
PPARγ agonist | MSC | Heart | [209] |
Inhibition of apoptosis | |||
p38 kinase inhibitor | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [210] |
Activation of selectins/integrins | |||
Ephrin-B2-Fc, activating β2-integrin antibody | EPC | Skeletal muscle | [170,171] |
Enhancement of paracrine signaling | |||
TGF-α, estradiol | MSC | Heart | [172,173] |
Enhancement of differentiation capacity | |||
Angiotensin receptor blocker | MSC | Heart | [211] |
Altered cellular microenvironment | |||
Bioscaffolds | MSC | Heart, skin, bone | [180–184,187–189] |
Combined approaches | |||
Ex vivo VEGF gene therapy with local SDF-1 delivery | EPC | Heart | [174] |
Bioscaffold with SDF-1 pretreatment | EPC | Heart | [212] |
Bioscaffold with IL-10 gene therapy | MSC | Heart | [213] |
BM-MNC: Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell; EPC: Endothelial progenitor cell; Ephrin-B2-Fc: Ligand for erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma receptor B4; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; U/S: Ultrasound.