Table 1.
AF susceptibility genes | AF susceptibility loci | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | Mechanism | Ref. | Chromosomal locus | Candidate gene | Ref. |
Potassium channel | Large-scale candidate gene or genome-wide association study | ||||
KCNQ1 | Enhanced repolarization (increased IKs) | [61-65] | 1q21 | IL6R | [66] |
KCNE1 | Enhanced repolarization (increased IKs) | [9,67-69] | 1q21 | KCNN3 | [15,16] |
KCNE2 | Enhanced repolarization (increased IKs) | [70] | 1q24 | PRRX1 | [16] |
KCNE5 | Enhanced repolarization (increased IKs) | [71] | 4q25 | PITX2 | [12-16] |
KCNH2 | Enhanced repolarization (increased IKr) | [72,73] | 7q31 | CAV1 | [16] |
KCNJ2 | Enhanced repolarization (increased IK1) | [74] | 9q22 | C9orf3 | [16] |
KCNA5 | Delayed repolarization and afterdepolarizations (decreased IKur) | [75] | 10q22 | SYNPO2L/MYOZ1 | [16] |
Sodium channel | 14q23 | SYNE2 | [16] | ||
SCN5A | Hyperpolarizing shift in inactivation (loss-of-function)/depolarizing shift in inactivation (gain-of-function) | [76-81] | 15q24 | HCN4 | [16] |
SCN1B | Decreased INa current and altered channel gating | [82] | 16q22 | ZFHX3 | [16] |
SCN2B | Decreased INa current and altered channel gating | [82] | Familial loci without known gene | ||
Ion channel-related | 6q14-q16 | - | [83] | ||
GJA5 | Impaired cellular transport and intercellular electrical coupling, increased dispersion of refractoriness | [84-87] | 10p11-q21 | - | [88] |
ANK2 | Loss-of-function reduces expression and membrane targeting of Cav1.3 (decreased ICa,L) | [89,90] | 10q22-q24 | - | [91] |
Non-ion channel | |||||
LMNA | Disruption of nuclear function or altered interaction with cytoplasmic proteins | [92-95] | |||
NUP155 | Reduced nuclear membrane permeability, enhanced repolarization | [96,97] | |||
AGT | Unknown | [98,99] | |||
ACE | Insertion/deletion, unknown mechanism | [100-102] | |||
NPPA | Mutant peptide, enhanced repolarization | [103] |
AF susceptibility genes were based on prior linkage mapping or candidate gene sequencing efforts. AF susceptibility loci were based on candidate gene chip or genome-wide association studies.