Table 2.

Investigation protocol for each included study.

Authors	Participant characteristicsa	Exercise duration (min)	Cooling modeb	Cooling duration (min)	Environmental conditions		Performance task	Core temperature measurement	Outcome measure
					Temperature (°C)	Humidity (%)
Arngrïmsson et al., 2004 [24]	9 male, 8 female; trained	15.6 to 22.8c	G	38	32	50	Running	Rectal	Time to complete 5 km
Booth et al., 1997 [42]	5 male, 3 female; trained	30	W	60	32	62	Running	Rectal	Distance completed in a 30-minute test at self-controlled pace
Cotter et al., 2001 [25]	9 male; untrained	35	G ± LC	45	35	60	Cycling	Rectal	Mean power output (W/kg) during 15 minutes at self-selected pace
Duffield et al., 2010 [41]	8 male; trained	40	W	20d	33	50	Cycling	Rectal	Mean power output (W) during 40-minute time trial
Gonzalez-Alonso et al., 1999 [40]	7 male; trained	42 to 66c	W	30	40	19	Cycling	Esophageal	Time to volitional fatigue at 60% VO2max
Hasegawa et al., 2006 [43]	9 male; untrained	2.5 to 8.0e, f	W/D/W + D	30	32	80	Cycling	Rectal	Time to volitional fatigue at 80% VO2max
Ihsan et al., 2010 [16]	7 male; trained	70 to 103c	I	30	30	75	Cycling	Gastrointestinal	Time to complete 40 km; mean power output (W)
Kay et al., 1999 [28]	7 male; trained	30	W	58.6	31	60	Cycling	Rectal	Distance completed in a 30-minute test at self-controlled pace
Quod et al., 2008 [27]	6 male; trained	40	G/W + G	40/70g	34	41	Cycling	Rectal	Time to complete a fixed amount of work (kJ); mean power output (W)
Ross et al., 2011 [17]	11 male; trained	76 to 123c	W + G/Ih	30	32 to 35	50 to 60	Cycling	Rectal	Time to complete 23 km; mean power output (W)
Siegel et al., 2010 [18]	10 male; untrained	40.7 to 50.2c	I	30	34	55	Running	Rectal	Time to volitional fatigue at first ventilatory threshold
Siegel et al., 2012 [19]	8 male; untrained	46.7 to 56.8c	I/W	30	34	52	Running	Rectal	Time to volitional fatigue at first ventilatory threshold
Ückert and Joch, 2007 [26]	20 male; trained	26.9 to 32.5c	G/WU	20	30 to 32	50	Running	Tympanic	Time to volitional fatigue during an incremental treadmill test

^aDescribed as moderately trained to well trained in sports with high endurance components by the study authors.

^bW = cold water immersion, G = cooling garment, D = cool water drink, WU = warm-up, I = ice slurry ingestion, LC = leg cooling.

^cMean group time.

^dCooling was maintained during subsequent warm-up by application of cool gel packs to hamstrings and quadriceps.

^ePreceded by 10 minutes at 50% and 30 minutes at 70% VO₂max.

^fPreceded by 60 minutes at 60% VO₂max.

^g30 minutes cold water immersion, followed by 40 minutes wearing a cooling garment.

^hWhile applying iced towels.

VO₂max = maximal aerobic capacity.