Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Experiment 1 |
Experiment 2 |
Experiment 3 |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monolingual |
Bilingual |
Monolingual |
Bilingual |
Monolingual |
Bilingual |
|||||||
| Characteristic | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD |
| Age (years) | 21.2 | 4.0 | 20.2 | 1.4 | 21.0 | 3.7 | 20.6 | 4.6 | 20.4 | 1.6 | 19.7 | 1.3 |
| Years of education | 14.5 | 1.6 | 14.2 | 1.3 | 14.6 | 1.5 | 14.0 | 1.6 | 14.1 | 1.0 | 13.4 | 1.0 |
| Age of English exposure | N/A | 4.8 | 2.8 | N/A | 2.7 | 2.2 | N/A | 4.3 | 3.5 | |||
| Age of regular use of English | N/A | 6.2 | 3.6 | N/A | 4.3 | 2.0 | N/A | 6.0 | 4.3 | |||
| Self-rateda ability to speak English | 7.0 | 0.2 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 7.0 | 0.1 | 6.6 | 0.7 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 0.8 |
| Self-rateda ability to speak other language | 2.6 | 1.0 | 6.1 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 5.7 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 5.9 | 1.1 |
Note—Gender (Male%): Experiment 1 (25.8%, monolingual; 33.3%, bilingual), Experiment 2 (36.2%, monolingual; 27.9%, bilingual), Experiment 3 (32.6%, monolingual; 14.6%, bilingual).
a
Proficiency level based on self-ratings using a scale of 1–7, with 1 = little to no knowledge and 7 = like a native speaker.