Table 3.
Selected Coefficients for Models Predicting Parenting Practices
| Parents’ Expectations
|
Intergenerational Closure
|
Parent-Child Interaction
|
Structured Leisure Activities
|
Parent School Involvement
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Family Structure, 8th grade (reference = Two Biological Parents) a | ||||||||||
| Single mother | −0.284*** (0.027) | −0.217*** (0.039) | −0.067*** (0.010) | −0.066*** (0.013) | −0.196*** (0.026) | −0.203*** (0.033) | −0.251*** (0.024) | −0.190*** (0.028) | −0.291*** (0.022) | −0.244*** (0.025) |
| Single father | −0.328*** (0.084) | −0.316 (0.144) | −0.144*** (0.024) | −0.155*** (0.039) | −0.430*** (0.061) | −0.427** (0.115) | −0.366*** (0.052) | −0.344* (0.113) | −0.436*** (0.056) | −0.309*** (0.065) |
| Mother + male | −0.097* (0.035) | −0.040 (0.041) | −0.050*** (0.010) | −0.043** (0.011) | −0.014 (0.028) | −0.015 (0.032) | −0.098*** (0.027) | −0.071 (0.031) | −0.170*** (0.026) | −0.134*** (0.028) |
| Father + female | −0.338*** (0.072) | −0.303** (0.083) | −0.147*** (0.021) | −0.150*** (0.026) | −0.260** (0.062) | −0.306** (0.088) | −0.259*** (0.041) | −0.201** (0.056) | −0.215** (0.060) | −0.146* (0.067) |
| Other | −0.399*** (0.078) | −0.296** (0.094) | −0.122*** (0.026) | −0.107*** (0.027) | −0.288** (0.061) | −0.303** (0.071) | −0.400*** (0.048) | −0.312*** (0.062) | −0.244*** (0.056) | −0.231** (0.058) |
| Parent’s avg. educ. = Some college | 0.795*** (0.020) | 0.850*** (0.022) | 0.076*** (0.006) | 0.080*** (0.007) | 0.240*** (0.016) | 0.233*** (0.019) | 0.625*** (0.017) | 0.668*** (0.020) | 0.358*** (0.018) | 0.398*** (0.023) |
| Family Structure-Parents’ Average Education Interactions | ||||||||||
| Single mother* Some college | −0.148* (0.055) | −0.004 (0.015) | 0.016 (0.043) | −0.134* (0.042) | −0.105* (0.044) | |||||
| Single father* Some college | −0.038 (0.150) | 0.018 (0.051) | −0.002 (0.148) | −0.052 (0.160) | −0.229* (0.088) | |||||
| Mother + male* Some college | −0.183* (0.067) | −0.023 (0.019) | 0.001 (0.064) | −0.077 (0.057) | −0.113 (0.058) | |||||
| Father + female * Some college | −0.098 (0.189) | 0.011 (0.040) | 0.135 (0.127) | −0.167 (0.101) | −0.199* (0.087) | |||||
| Other * Some college | −0.416* (0.163) | −0.062 (0.050) | 0.063 (0.138) | −0.353* (0.110) | −0.026 (0.105) | |||||
| Wald Test p-valuea | 0.139 | 0.669 | 0.971 | 0.248 | 0.088 | |||||
Source: National Education Longitudinal Survey: 1988–2000, missing data multiply imputed. N = 24,515
Standard errors in parentheses
+
p<.10,
*
p< .05,
**
p< .01,
***
p< .001
Note: Models are weighted and adjusted for sample design and control for the same variables listed in Table 2. All variables modeled with OLS regression.
a
Given the interaction, these estimates are for those with average parental education < 13.5 years.
b
Given the interaction, these estimates are for two biological parent families with average parental education >= 13.5 years
c
The Wald Test provides evidence for whether the family structure-SES interactions are statistically significant as a group