Deferred consent
|
Initial assent to enter the study is obtainedFull informed consent is deferred (delayed) until the patienthas stabilised and/or surrogates areable to listen and understand trial informationSurrogates can withdraw at any point |
Consent cannot be obtained after the intervention has already been given; consent is only therefore permission to remain in the study |
Proxy consent by
third parties
|
An appropriate person other than the parent/immediate guardiangives consent for the participantPotential proxies include - legal representatives, and independent physicians |
Difficulties in ensuring independence of proxiesProxies not capable of knowing the wishes of a parent especially without prior discussion |
Advanced consent/Presumed consent:
|
Potential participants are identified prior to meeting eligibilitycriteria and consent for future enrolment should theybecame eligible |
Difficult to identify participants in advance in emergency researchPotentially causes unnecessary distress or harm, especially where inclusion criteria are not met |
Retrospective
consent
|
Initial research intervention occurs without the surrogate’s consentConsenting takes place after the initiation or completion ofthe research intervention |
Participants have no control over what has been done in the past |
Waiver of consent:
|
Research intervention occurs without the participant’s orsurrogate’s consent |
Considered to be a violation of patient autonomy |