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. 2013 Feb 12;4:17. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00017

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Copyright © 2013 Fiorentino, Lammers, Levine, Sztein and Fasano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.

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Paracellular permeability in Caco2 cell monolayers after infection with wild-type S. Typhi and its mutant strains. (A) FITC-BSA (40 kDa) net transport after infection with wild-type S. Typhi at a MOI of 400:1. (B) FITC-Dextran (4 kDa) net transport after infection with wild-type S. Typhi or the attenuated aro mutants CVD 908-htrA and CVD 909, applied at a MOI of 400:1. (C) Permeability to FITC-Dextran (4 kDa) after infection with wild-type S. Typhi and the vaccine strain Ty21a at a MOI of 4000:1. Calcium-free medium supplemented with EGTA to disrupt TJs served as positive control. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of triplicate samples for each condition and are representative of three experiments with similar results. ***p < 0.001 compared to uninfected cultures (ANOVA).