Table 4.
Maternal exposure to chemical components of specific pesticides during pregnancy; leukemia cases and controls, children < 2 years of age, Brazil, 1999–2007.
| Chemical compound | Controls (n = 423) [n (%)] | ALL (n = 193) [n (%)] | AML (n = 59) [n (%)] | ALL | AML | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | aORa (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | aORa (95% CI) | |||||
| Prallethrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 234 (55.3) | 78 (40.4) | 23 (43.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (3.8) | 1.00 (0.10–9.75) | 1.52 (0.15–15.32) | 6.78 (1.08–42.70) | 8.06 (1.17–55.65) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 155 (36.6) | 94 (48.7) | 29 (54.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3 (0.7) | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.65 (0.33–8.34) | 1.16 (0.15–9.12) | — | — | |
| Permethrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 211 (49.9) | 63 (32.6) | 15 (28.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 26 (6.1) | 16 (8.3) | 10 (18.9) | 2.06 (1.04–4.08) | 2.47 (1.17–5.25) | 5.41 (2.20–13.28) | 7.28 (2.60–20.38) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 128 (30.3) | 75 (38.8) | 23 (43.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 30 (7.1) | 22 (11.4) | 6 (11.3) | 1.25 (0.67–2.33) | 1.47 (0.71–3.08) | 1.11 (0.42–2.97) | 1.32 (0.43–4.02) | |
| Imiprothrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 223 (52.7) | 67 (34.7) | 20 (37.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 14 (3.3) | 12 (6.2) | 5 (9.4) | 2.85 (1.26–6.46) | 2.61 (1.06–6.93) | 3.98 (1.30–12.91) | 3.41 (0.98–11.90) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 140 (33.1) | 81 (42.0) | 22 (41.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 18 (4.3) | 16 (8.3) | 7 (13.2) | 1.54 (0.74–3.18) | 1.38 (0.59–3.23) | 2.48 (0.93–6.61) | 2.85 (0.94–8.62) | |
| Esbiothrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 227 (53.7) | 68 (35.2) | 21 (39.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 10 (2.4) | 11 (5.7) | 4 (7.5) | 3.67 (1.50–9.02) | 3.03 (1.13–8.09) | 4.32 (1.25–14.98) | 3.19 (0.77–13.19) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 144 (34.0) | 83 (43.0) | 22 (41.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 14 (3.3) | 14 (7.3) | 7 (13.2) | 1.74 (0.79–3.82) | 1.66 (0.67–4.13) | 3.27 (1.19–9.00) | 3.71 (1.18–11.62) | |
| Tetramethrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 214 (50.6) | 68 (35.2) | 17 (32.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 23 (5.4) | 11 (5.7) | 8 (15.1) | 1.51 (0.70–3.25) | 1.56 (0.65–3.72) | 4.38 (1.70–11.25) | 6.19 (2.07–18.56) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 134 (31.7) | 78 (40.4) | 27 (50.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 24 (5.7) | 17 (8.8) | 2 (3.8) | 1.22 (0.66–2.40) | 1.35 (0.59–3.07) | 0.41 (0.09–1.85) | 0.47 (0.09–2.48) | |
| d-Phenothrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 234 (55.3) | 72 (37.3) | 24 (45.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3 (0.7) | 7 (3.6) | 1 (1.9) | 7.58 (1.91–30.08) | 4.16 (0.85–20.29) | 3.25 (0.33–32.48) | 1.64 (0.16–19.68) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 155 (36.6) | 93 (48.2) | 25 (47.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3 (0.7) | 4 (2.1) | 4 (7.5) | 2.22 (0.49–10.15) | 0.69 (0.10–4.88) | 8.27 (1.75–39.16) | 8.43 (1.59–44.75) | |
| d-Allethrin | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 213 (50.3) | 68 (35.2) | 17 (32.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 24 (5.7) | 11 (5.7) | 8 (15.1) | 1.43 (0.67–3.08) | 1.56 (0.65–3.72) | 4.18 (1.63–10.70) | 6.19 (2.07–18.56) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 132 (31.2) | 78 (40.4) | 27 (50.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 26 (6.1) | 19 (9.8) | 2 (3.8) | 1.24 (0.64–2.38) | 1.54 (0.70–3.39) | 0.38 (0.08–1.68) | 0.46 (0.09–2.40) | |
| Solvents | ||||||||
| 0–11 months | ||||||||
| No | 205 (48.5) | 59 (30.1) | 13 (24.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 32 (7.5) | 20 (10.4) | 12 (22.6) | 2.17 (1.16–4.07) | 2.17 (1.06–4.43) | 5.91 (2.48–14.10) | 6.70 (2.50–17.97) | |
| 12–23 months | ||||||||
| No | 122 (28.8) | 70 (36.3) | 20 (37.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 36 (8.5) | 27 (14.0) | 9 (17.0) | 1.31 (0.73–2.33) | 1.32 (0.66–2.63) | 1.52 (0.64–3.64) | 1.82 (0.68–4.84) | |
| aaORs by use of oral contraceptives during pregnancy, maternal age and education, child’s birth weight and skin color. | ||||||||