Table 1.

Means (ranges) of U-Cd, U-Alb, and U-A1M for study participants.

Biomarker	All (N = 354, n = 30)		Men (N = 180, n = 15)		Women (N = 174,a n = 15)		p-Value sex differenceb
	Mean	Range	Mean	Range	Mean	Range
Cd
U-Cd (µg/L)	0.12	< LODc–1.1	0.11	< LODc–0.53	0.14	< LODc–1.1	0.77
U-CdCrea (µg/gC)d	0.11	0.01–0.52	0.08	0.01–0.25	0.16	0.02–0.52	0.06
U-CdSG (µg/L)e	0.12	0.01–0.71	0.09	0.01–0.31	0.14	0.02–0.71	0.12
U-Cd/hr (µg/hr)f	0.007	0.0007–0.03	0.007	0.0009–0.02	0.008	0.0007–0.03	0.54
Alb
U-Alb (mg/L)	7.5	< LODc–121	10.5	< LODc–121	4.4	< LODc–33	0.44
U-AlbCrea (mg/gC)d	6.3	1.1–78	7.4	1.2–42	5.3	1.1–78	0.37
U-AlbSG (mg/L)e	6.3	0.28–65	7.9	0.32–65	4.7	0.28–62	1.0
U-Alb/hr (mg/hr)f	0.47	0.02–4.9	0.64	0.08–4.5	0.31	0.02–4.9	0.26
A1M
U-A1M (mg/L)	2.4	< LODc–47	3.1	0.12–47	1.7	< LODc–10	0.12
U-A1MCrea (mg/gC)d	2.0	0.11–31	2.2	0.11–31	1.7	0.22–7.6	0.35
U-A1MSG (mg/L)e	1.9	0.13–32	2.3	0.13–32	1.5	0.13–5.8	0.07
U-A1M/hr (mg/hr)f	0.14	0.002–1.8	0.18	0.01–1.8	0.10	0.002–0.54	0.02
Urinary flow rate (mL/hr)	89.2	8.0–420	84.9	8.0–336	93.6	11–420	0.65
Mean values are calculated as mean of 30 individual means; ranges include all 354 urine samples. aOne woman provided samples over 1 day only (6 samples).bTests of sex difference were performed on 30 individual means (Wilcoxon rank-sum test). cValues < LOD were replaced with LOD/√_2 in calculation. dConcentrations adjusted for U-Crea concentration (mean U-Crea, 1.2 g/L). eConcentrations adjusted for SG (mean SG, 1.017). fExcretion rates.