Table 1.
Key genes frequently hypermethylated in oral cancer†.
| Gene | Locus | Function | Methylation frequency (%), n/N | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Adjacent tumor tissue | OSCC | ||||
| APC | 5q21 | WNT signaling | 6 (347) | 13 (6/47) | [6] | |
| BIRC5/SURVIVIN | 17q25 | Cell cycle progression | 0 | [9] | ||
| CACNA1G | 17q22 | Voltage-gated ion channel activity | 0 (0/2) | 0 (0/96) | [107] | |
| CCNA1/CYCLIN A | 13q12.3-q13 | Cell cycle regulation | 0 (0/9) | 53 (42/78) | [17] | |
| CDH1/E-CADHERIN | 16q22.1 | Cell adhesion | 13 (6/47) | 42 (20/47) | [6] | |
| CHFR | 12q24.33 | Cell cycle regulation | 0 (0/18) | 8 (1/13) | 46 (6/13) | [108] |
| DAPK | 9q34.1 | Apoptosis | 0 (0/20) | 60 (36/60) | 68 (41/60) | [109] |
| DCC | 18q21.1 | Transcription coactivator | 0 (0/30) | 10 (5/48) | 59 (54/92) | [36] |
| EDNRB | 13q22 | Receptor activity | 0 (0/30) | 10 (5/48) | 73 (67/92) | [36] |
| EPCAM | 2p21 | Calcium-independent cell adhesion molecule | 51 (37/72) | [110] | ||
| FHIT | 3p14.2 | Cell cycle progression | 0 (0/13) | 28 (8/29) | [111] | |
| GSTP1 | 11q13 | Glutathione transferase activity | 0 (0/20) | 0 (0/60) | 0 (0/60) | [109] |
| KIF1A | 2q37.3 | Axon transport | 0 (0/30) | 10 (5/48) | 72 (66/92) | [36] |
| MGMT | 10q26.3 | DNA damage response | 0 (0/20) | 27 (16/60) | 52 (31/60) | [109] |
| MINT1 | 9q13-q21 | Movement, exocytosis and adhesion | 0 (0/2) | 23 (22/96) | [107] | |
| MINT2 | 15q11-q12 | Protein binding and exocytosis | 0 (0/2) | 8 (8/96) | [107] | |
| MINT27 | 1p36 | Transcriptional regulator | 0 (0/2) | 16 (15/96) | [107] | |
| MINT31 | 1p36 | Transcriptional regulator | 0 (0/2) | 15 (14/96) | [107] | |
| MLH1 | 3p21.3 | DNA damage response | 0 (0/200) | 76 (38/50) | [25] | |
| MSH2 | 2p21 | DNA damage response and mismatch repair | 50 (14/28) | [24] | ||
| Notch1 | 9q34.3 | Transcription factor and receptor activity | 6 (2/34) | [112] | ||
| p14ARF | 9p21 | Cell cycle regulation | 0 (0/2) | 14 (13/96) | [107] | |
| p15INK4B/CDKN2B | 9p21 | Cell cycle regulation | 0 (0/2) | 0 (0/25) | 23 (12/51) | [26] |
| p16INK4A/CDKN2A | 9p21 | Cell cycle regulation | 0 (0/20) | 50 (30/60) | 67 (40/60) | [109] |
| p53 | 17p13.1 | Cell cycle regulation | 4 (2/48) | [30] | ||
| RARβ | 3p24.2 | Transcription factor and receptor activity | 62 (13/21) | 73 (58/80) | [17] | |
| RASSF1 | 3p21.3 | Cell cycle progression | 13 (6/47) | 38 (18/47) | [6] | |
| RASSF2 | 20p13 | Cell cycle progression | 28 (134/482) | [44] | ||
| RECK | 9p13.3 | Protein binding and peptidase inhibitor activity | 0 (0/12) | 30 (6/20) | 55 (11/20) | [113] |
| RUNX3 | 1p36 | WNT signaling | 0 (0/10) | 53 (16/30) | 70 (21/30) | [114] |
| SFRP1 | 8p11.21 | Protein binding | 24 (10/42) | [115] | ||
| SFRP2 | 4q31.3 | Protein binding | 36 (16/44) | [115] | ||
| SFRP5 | 10q24 | Protein binding | 16 (7/43) | [115] | ||
| VHL | 3p25.3 | Transcription factor binding | 0 (0/48) | [30] | ||
| WIF1 | 12q14.3 | WNT signaling | 9 (4/47) | 42 (20/47) | [6] | |
†
For a more comprehensive list, please refer to Supplementary Table 1.
OSCC: Oral squamous cell carcinoma.