Table 3. Screening Instruments vs. Gold Standard in Special Education Settings.
| N = 57 | Sensitivity % 95% CI | Specificity % 95% CI | PPV% 95% CI | NPV% 95% CI | +LR ratio 95% CI |
| Teachers | 73 (46.41–99.05) | 55 (41.04–70.08) | 28 (11.84–45.30) | 76 (61.14–90.38) | 1.63(1.00–2.66) |
| Parents | 36 (7.93–64.79) | 42 (27.79–56.65) | 27 (9.87–43.97) | 87 (74.51–98.83) | 0.62 (0.27–1.42) |
| Observers | |||||
| 1 hour | 27(0.95–53.59) | 55 (41.04–70.08) | 13(–0.72–26.80) | 76 (61.14–90.38) | |
| 2 hours | 36 (7.93–64.79) | 44 (29.92–58.96) | 14 (1.24–26.34) | 74 (57.54–90.60) | 0.65(0.28–1.49) |
| Multiple sources | |||||
| Teachers+ parents +2-hour ob. | 73 (39.02–93.97) | 58 (36.77–78.60) | 42 (20.25.66.50) | 83 (58.58–96.42) | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) |
| Teachers+ parents | 73 (39.02–93.97) | 29 (16.07–43.03) | 22 (9.56–35.44) | 87 (69.47–100) | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) |
| Teachers+ 2-hour ob. | 73 (39.02–93.97) | 35 (21.56–49.54) | 23 (10.16–37.20) | 89 (74.37–100) | 1.26 (0.89–1.80) |
| Parents + 2-hour ob. | 45 (30.00–60.36) | 22 (10.07–34.36) | 12 (2.25–22.74) | 62 (38.77–86.22) | 0.58 (0.30–1.13) |
Data obtained from Cubo et al, study.48
Abbreviations: +LR ratio, likelihood ratio for a positive result; NPV, negative predictive value; ob., observation; PPV, positive predictive value; CI, confidence interval.