Table 1.

Assessment tools for selected psychological constructs that are important considerations in headache management.

Assessment tool	Description	Number of items	Ref.
HSLC	Assesses the belief that headaches are controllable by internal influences, by healthcare professionals or by chance influences	33	[19]
HMSE	Assesses confidence in the belief that one can take actions to prevent headache attacks or manage them when they occur	25	[22]
PMAQ	Assesses seven areas of concern that a patient may have about pain medications: addiction, perceived need, unfavorable scrutiny by others, adverse side effects, tolerance, mistrust in the prescribing doctor and withdrawal	47	[25]
CPAQ	Assesses willingness to engage in activities despite pain and the degree of willingness to experience pain without efforts to control it	20	[37]

CPAQ: Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; HMSE: Headache Management Self-Efficacy Scale; HSLC: Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale; PMAQ: Pain Medication Attitude Questionnaire.