Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics for males and femalesa
| Males | Females | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N |
1326 |
1382 |
|
|
Basic characteristics |
|
|
|
| Age, y |
47.6 ± 11.3 |
49.4 ± 13.1 |
<0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 |
25.7 ± 3.8 |
25.2 ± 3.3 |
0.002 |
| Physical activity level |
1.45 ± 0.40 |
1.49 ± 0.42 |
0.011 |
| Insulin Resistance, n (%) |
288 (21.7) |
240 (17.4) |
0.004 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) |
243 (18.3) |
189 (13.7) |
<0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) |
273 (20.6) |
283 (20.5) |
0.943 |
| Alcohol use, n (%) |
797 (60.1) |
170 (12.3) |
<0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) |
|
|
<0.001 |
| Never |
541 (40.8) |
1273 (92.1) |
|
| Past |
164 (12.4) |
23 (1.7) |
|
| Current |
621 (46.8) |
86 (6.2) |
|
|
Clinical variables |
|
|
|
| 25(OH)D, ng/ml |
25.7 ± 6.7 |
25.1 ± 6.4 |
0.017 |
| FG, mmol/L |
5.1 (3.6-9.2) |
4.9 (3.4-10.3) |
0.054 |
| PG, mmol/L |
7.9 (3.8-14.5) |
7.6 (3.5-13.6) |
0.011 |
| HbAlc, % |
4.3 (3.4-11.7) |
3.9 (3.3-11.5) |
0.002 |
| Insulin, mU/L |
6.1 (1.5-17.5) |
6.0 (1.4-16.8) |
0.051 |
| HOMA-IR |
1.4 (0.3-6.2) |
1.3 (0.3-6.0) |
0.011 |
| TC, mmol/L |
4.8 ± 1.1 |
4.9 ± 1.2 |
0.024 |
| TG, mmol/L |
1.7 (0.5-6.1) |
1.5 (0.4-5.9) |
<0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L |
1.5 (0.8-2.3) |
1.5 (0.7-2.4) |
0.286 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L |
3.0 (0.6-5.2) |
2.9 (0.5-5.4) |
0.118 |
| apoA, mmol/L |
1.8 ± 0.4 |
2.0 ± 0.4 |
<0.001 |
| apoB, mmol/L |
0.8 ± 0.2 |
0.7 ± 0.3 |
<0.001 |
| FFAs, μmol/L |
723.8 ± 293.7 |
729.4 ± 265.4 |
0.602 |
| LPL, U/L | 653.1 ± 187.8 | 664.3 ± 193.5 | 0.127 |
a Data are presented as n(%), means ± SD or median (range). χ2 test or ANOVA were adopted to compare differences between males and females.
Abbreviations: FFAs, free fatty acids; FG, fasting serum glucose; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; PG, 2 h post-load glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.