Table 3.

Health insurance, consultation/prepayment fees and private provider fees

Author(s) (year)	Country	Cost estimate (I$)	% Annual per-capita income (entire population)	% Annual per-capita income (income-poorest 20% of the population)	Notes
Health insurance costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	2	0.43	2	67% of patients reported paying median health insurance user fees (IQR I$1.79- I$1.97)
Needham, et al. [59]	Zambia	3	0.69	3a	Mean monthly fees for government-sponsored health insurance (range I$2-I$3)
Consultation/prepayment fees
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	4	0.78	4	Median one time consultation fee (IQR I$4- I$7)
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	2	0.93	2	Mean consultation fees per visit (median I$0)
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	7	2	10	Mean one-time consultation fees (median I$8)
Steen and Masonde [30]	Botswana	2	0.06	0.43b	One-time prepayment outpatient fee
Private provider fees
Chard, S. [47]	Uganda	141	47	154c	Private clinic treatment costs
Harper, et al. [53]	The Gambia	44	11	54d	Costs spent on private treatment
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	24	6	35	Mean costs to see a private physician (median I$15)
Wyss, et al. [68]	Tanzania	38	12	29e	Unit cost for private services

^a Income share based on 1996 estimates instead of 1995; ^b Income share based on 1994 estimates instead of 1993; ^c Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; ^d Income share based on 1998 estimates instead of 2000; ^e Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 1996.