Table 4.
Author(s) (year) | Country | Cost estimate (I$) | % Annual per-capita income (entire population) | % Annual per-capita income (income-poorest 20% of the population) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospitalization costs | |||||
Aspler, et al. [41] |
Zambia |
14 |
3 |
16 |
Median costs (IQR I$4- I$19) |
Floyd, et al. [51] |
South Africa |
119 |
3 |
17a |
Mean cost of 18-day hospital stay under DOTS (I$7 per day) |
Floyd, et al. [51] |
South Africa |
407 |
11 |
59a |
Mean cost of 60-day hospital stay under conventional system (I$7/day) |
Floyd, et al. [50] |
Malawi |
498 |
262 |
1048 |
Mean cost of 58-day hospital stay under hospital-based strategy for smear-positive patients (I$9/day) |
Floyd, et al. [50] |
Malawi |
138 |
73 |
289 |
Mean cost of 16-day hospital stay under community-based DOTS strategy for smear-positive patients (I$9/day) |
Floyd, et al. [50] |
Malawi |
32 |
17 |
66 |
Mean cost of 8-day hospital stay under hospital-based and community-based DOTS strategies for smear-negative patients (I$9/day) |
Gibson and Boillot [52] |
Sierra Leone |
1 |
0.53 |
2b |
Mean hospital admission fees at a missionary hospital |
Gibson and Boillot [52] |
Sierra Leone |
47 |
18 |
58b |
Mean hospital admission fees at a government hospital |
Mesfin, et al. [55] |
Ethiopia |
4 |
2 |
5 |
Mean cost of hospital admissions (median I$0) |
Nganda, et al. [60] |
Kenya |
530 |
101 |
336c |
Mean cost of 60-day hospital stay under hospital-based system for smear-positive patients (I$9/ day) (96% CI I$5- I$13) |
Nganda, et al. [60] |
Kenya |
34 |
7 |
22c |
Mean cost of 4-day hospital stay under community-based DOTS for smear-positive patients (I$9/ day) (96% CI I$5- I$13) |
Okello, et al. [61] |
Uganda |
219 |
73 |
240d |
Mean cost of 60-day hospital stay under conventional hospital-based care strategy for smear-positive patients (I$4/ day) |
Okello, et al. [61] |
Uganda |
70 |
24 |
77d |
Mean cost of 19-day hospital stay under community-based care strategy for smear-positive patients (I$4/ day) |
Saunderson, P. [31] |
Uganda |
91 |
39 |
126 |
Mean cost for a 2-month hospital stay |
Wilkinson, et al. [67] |
South Africa |
139 |
3.62 |
20e |
Mean cost of 17.5-day hospital stay under community-based DOTS strategy (I$8/ day) |
Wyss et al. [68] |
Tanzania |
15 |
5 |
12f |
Hospitalization costs reported for one month |
Medication costs | |||||
Aspler, et al. [41] |
Zambia |
15 |
3 |
18 |
Median costs for additional medications (IQR I$9- I$21) |
Awofeso, N. [42] |
Nigeria |
548g |
121 |
589h |
Mid-range, one-time medication costs (range I$199- I$897)g |
Chard, S. [46] |
Uganda |
20 |
7 |
22i |
Mean costs for medications (range I$4- I$37) |
Kemp, et al. [54] |
Malawi |
50 |
27 |
106j |
Mean costs for smear-negative patients for user fees and drug costs outside of government health facilities (median I$19) |
Kemp, et al. [54] |
Malawi |
18 |
9 |
37j |
Mean costs for smear-positive patients for user fees and drug costs outside of government health facilities (median I$6) |
Mesfin, et al. [55] |
Ethiopia |
22 |
12 |
25 |
Mean costs for additional medications (median I$7) |
Diagnostic test costs | |||||
Aspler, et al. [41] |
Zambia |
7 |
2 |
8 |
Median cost for chest radiographic (IQR I$4-I$7) |
Needham, et al. [58] |
Zambia |
9 |
2 |
13 |
Mean cost for diagnostic tests (unspecified) (median I$13) |
Wyss, et al. [68] | Tanzania | 10 | 3 | 7f | Unit cost for examination, laboratory, and X-rays |
a Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1994; b Income share assumed to be 6% by authors in absence of World Bank data; c Income share based on 1997 estimates instead of 1998; d Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; e Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1996; f Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 1996; g Note: the study listed these costs as “prepayment fees,” but the costs were actually for medications. Moreover, these medication costs are reported with imprecision (i.e., a wide range), weakening the strength of the conclusion that TB medication costs were high in Nigeria; h Income share based on 1992 estimates instead of 1993; i Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; j Income share based on 1998 estimates instead of 2000.