. 2012 Nov 14;12:980. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-980

Table 4.

Hospitalization, medication, and diagnostic test costs

Author(s) (year)	Country	Cost estimate (I$)	% Annual per-capita income (entire population)	% Annual per-capita income (income-poorest 20% of the population)	Notes
Hospitalization costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	14	3	16	Median costs (IQR I$4- I$19)
Floyd, et al. [51]	South Africa	119	3	17^a	Mean cost of 18-day hospital stay under DOTS (I$7 per day)
Floyd, et al. [51]	South Africa	407	11	59^a	Mean cost of 60-day hospital stay under conventional system (I$7/day)
Floyd, et al. [50]	Malawi	498	262	1048	Mean cost of 58-day hospital stay under hospital-based strategy for smear-positive patients (I$9/day)
Floyd, et al. [50]	Malawi	138	73	289	Mean cost of 16-day hospital stay under community-based DOTS strategy for smear-positive patients (I$9/day)
Floyd, et al. [50]	Malawi	32	17	66	Mean cost of 8-day hospital stay under hospital-based and community-based DOTS strategies for smear-negative patients (I$9/day)
Gibson and Boillot [52]	Sierra Leone	1	0.53	2^b	Mean hospital admission fees at a missionary hospital
Gibson and Boillot [52]	Sierra Leone	47	18	58^b	Mean hospital admission fees at a government hospital
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	4	2	5	Mean cost of hospital admissions (median I$0)
Nganda, et al. [60]	Kenya	530	101	336^c	Mean cost of 60-day hospital stay under hospital-based system for smear-positive patients (I$9/ day) (96% CI I$5- I$13)
Nganda, et al. [60]	Kenya	34	7	22^c	Mean cost of 4-day hospital stay under community-based DOTS for smear-positive patients (I$9/ day) (96% CI I$5- I$13)
Okello, et al. [61]	Uganda	219	73	240^d	Mean cost of 60-day hospital stay under conventional hospital-based care strategy for smear-positive patients (I$4/ day)
Okello, et al. [61]	Uganda	70	24	77^d	Mean cost of 19-day hospital stay under community-based care strategy for smear-positive patients (I$4/ day)
Saunderson, P. [31]	Uganda	91	39	126	Mean cost for a 2-month hospital stay
Wilkinson, et al. [67]	South Africa	139	3.62	20^e	Mean cost of 17.5-day hospital stay under community-based DOTS strategy (I$8/ day)
Wyss et al. [68]	Tanzania	15	5	12^f	Hospitalization costs reported for one month
Medication costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	15	3	18	Median costs for additional medications (IQR I$9- I$21)
Awofeso, N. [42]	Nigeria	548^g	121	589^h	Mid-range, one-time medication costs (range I$199- I$897)^g
Chard, S. [46]	Uganda	20	7	22ⁱ	Mean costs for medications (range I$4- I$37)
Kemp, et al. [54]	Malawi	50	27	106^j	Mean costs for smear-negative patients for user fees and drug costs outside of government health facilities (median I$19)
Kemp, et al. [54]	Malawi	18	9	37^j	Mean costs for smear-positive patients for user fees and drug costs outside of government health facilities (median I$6)
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	22	12	25	Mean costs for additional medications (median I$7)
Diagnostic test costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	7	2	8	Median cost for chest radiographic (IQR I$4-I$7)
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	9	2	13	Mean cost for diagnostic tests (unspecified) (median I$13)
Wyss, et al. [68]	Tanzania	10	3	7^f	Unit cost for examination, laboratory, and X-rays

^a Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1994; ^b Income share assumed to be 6% by authors in absence of World Bank data; ^c Income share based on 1997 estimates instead of 1998; ^d Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; ^e Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1996; ^f Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 1996; ^g Note: the study listed these costs as “prepayment fees,” but the costs were actually for medications. Moreover, these medication costs are reported with imprecision (i.e., a wide range), weakening the strength of the conclusion that TB medication costs were high in Nigeria; ^h Income share based on 1992 estimates instead of 1993; ⁱ Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; ^j Income share based on 1998 estimates instead of 2000.