Table 5.

Traditional healer and food costs

Author(s) (year)	Country	Cost estimate (I$)	% Annual per-capita income (entire population)	% Annual per-capita income (income-poorest 20% of the population)	Notes
Traditional healer costs
Brouwer, et al. [44]	Malawi	4	2	9a	Weighted mean of traditional healer costs (range I$0- I$28)b
Chard, S. [47]	Uganda	563	188	618c	One study participant reported this cost for a traditional healer
Chard, S. [46]	Uganda	15	5	16c	Mid-point estimate (range I$2-I$10). A few patients in the sample reported to pay roughly I$495
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	17	4	25	Average cost to see a traditional healer (median I$7)
Wyss, et al. [68]	Tanzania	13	4	10d	Unit cost to see a traditional healer
Food costs
Aspler, et al. [[41]	Zambia	4	0.78	4	Median food costs (IQR I$1- I$7)
Datiko and Lindtjørn [48]	Ethiopia	14	7	15e	Mean food costs for a community-based DOTS treatment program (sd I$12)
Datiko and Lindtjørn [48]	Ethiopia	36	17	37e	Mean food costs for a health-facility-based DOTS treatment program (sd I$21)
Kemp, et al. [54]	Malawi	7	4	15f	Mean food costs for smear-negative patients (median I$2)
Kemp, et al. [54]	Malawi	10	5	21f	Mean food costs for smear-positive patients (median I$0)
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	3	1	5	Mean food cost (median I$2)
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	36	9	53	Mean cost for “special” foodsg (median I$19)

^a Income share based on 1998 estimates instead of 1995; ^b43% of patients in the sample who sought care from traditional healers paid no charge, 21% paid under I$0.92, 24% paid between I$0.92 and I$5, 6% paid between I$6 and I$14, and the remaining 6% paid between I$14 and I$28; ^c Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; ^d Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 1996; ^e Income share based on 2005 estimates instead of 2006; ^f Income share based on 1998 estimates instead of 2000; ^g Defined as food separate from normal diets such as potatoes, eggs, meat, fruit, and soft drinks [58].