. 2012 Nov 14;12:980. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-980

Table 7.

Reported direct, indirect and total costs

Author(s) year	Country	Cost estimate (I$)	% Annual per-capita income (entire population)	% Annual per-capita income (income-poorest 20% of the population)	Notes
Direct costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	11	2	13	Total direct costs including medical and non-medical costs (IQR I$6- I$17)
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48]	Ethiopia	17	8	17	Direct patient costs under community-based DOTS (sd I$12)
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48]	Ethiopia	49	24	51	Direct patient costs under health facility-based DOTS (sd I$44)
Kemp, et al. [54]	Malawi	39	21	83^a	Mean total direct costs for smear-positive patients (median I$19)
Kemp, et al. [54]	Malawi	74	40	156^a	Mean total direct costs for smear-negative patients (median I$38)
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	114	60	129	Mean total direct costs (median I$61; IQR I$26- I$132)
Needham, et al. [57]	Zambia	64	16	73	Total mean direct costs
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	14	3	20	Total mean direct medical costs (median I$5)
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	31	8	45	Total mean direct non-medical costs (median I$14)
Vassall, et al. [65]	Ethiopia	527	277	595	Total mean direct pretreatment costs including transport and non-transport costs for (median I$66)
Wandwalo, et al. [66]	Tanzania	59	17	33^b	Total direct costs under a health facility-based DOTS strategy
Wandwalo, et al. [66]	Tanzania	13	4	8^b	Total direct costs under a community-based DOTS strategy
Indirect Costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	21	5	25	Median total indirect costs (IQR I$11- I$39)
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48]	Ethiopia	18	9	18	Mean indirect cost under community-based DOTS
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48]	Ethiopia	48	50	24	Mean indirect cost under health facility-based DOTS
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	145	76	164	Average indirect costs from first consultation to diagnosis including income lost and travel time cost (median I$44; IQR I$15- I$101)
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	54	28	60	Average indirect costs prior to diagnosis (median I$26.) including income last and travel time cost
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	99	25	145	Total lost income (median I$37)
Vassall, et al. [65]	Ethiopia	44	23	50	Total mean indirect pretreatment costs (median I$0)
Wandwalo, et al. [66]	Tanzania	56	16	32^b	Total indirect costs under a health facility-based DOTS strategy
Wandwalo, et al. [66]	Tanzania	19	5	11^b	Total indirect costs under a community-based DOTS strategy
Total Costs
Aspler, et al. [41]	Zambia	34	7	41	Total median costs per patients (IQR I$19-I$56) in which direct and indirect costs comprised 34% and 62%, respecitvely
Chard, S. [46]	Uganda	25	8	27^c	Total reported costs for biomedical treatment
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48]	Ethiopia	34	17	36^d	Total patient costs under community-based DOTS (sd I$16)
Datiko and Lindtjorn [48]	Ethiopia	99	48	104^d	Total patient costs under health facility-based DOTS (sd I$50)
Floyd, et al. [51]	South Africa	155	4	23^e	Total cost to patients under DOTS
Floyd, et al. [51]	South Africa	461	12	67^e	Total cost to patients under the conventional system^f
Gibson and Boillot [52]	Sierra Leone	26	10	33^g	Total cost for patients under the National Leprosy and TB Control Program
Mesfin, et al. [55]	Ethiopia	259	136	292	Mean total costs (median I$119; IQR I$53- I$242)
Needham, et al. [58]	Zambia	68	17	100	Total patient costs (median I$32)
Saunderson, P.R. [31]	Uganda	584	249	809	Total cost under the strategy that utilizes hospitalization for the first two months of treatment followed by an outpatient continuation phase for 4–10 months.
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64]	South Africa	102	3	17^h	Total cost per patient attending a public-non-governmental organization partnership site (95% CI I$73- I$123)
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64]	South Africa	95	2	16^h	Total cost per patient attending a public-non-governmental organization partnership site (95% CI I$82- 104)
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64]	South Africa	264	7	44^h	Total cost per patient attending a public hospital (95% CI I$251- I$274)
Sinanovic and Kumaranayake [64]	South Africa	317	8	53^h	Total cost per patient attending a public hospital (95% CI I$293- I$363)
Sinanovic, et al. [63]	South Africa	2	0.044	0.24ⁱ	Total cost for a clinic DOTS visit, where clinic used for DOTS and total cost for monitoring/collection of drugs in Nyanga (95% CI I$1- I$2)
Sinanovic, et al. [63]	South Africa	2	0.041	0.23ⁱ	Total cost for a clinic DOTS visit, where clinic used for DOTS and total cost for monitoring/collection of drugs in Guguletu (95% CI I$1- I$2)
Sinanovic, et al. [63]	South Africa	1	0.01	0.08ⁱ	Total cost for a DOTS visit, where community treatment supporter u used for in Guguletu (95% CI I$1- I$2)
Vassall, et al. [65]	Ethiopia	567	298	639	Total mean pretreatment costs
Wandwalo, et al. [66]	Tanzania	116	32	65^b	Total costs under a health facility-based DOTS strategy
Wandwalo, et al. [66]	Tanzania	32	9	18^b	Total costs under a community-based DOTS strategy
Wilkinson, et al. [67]	South Africa	183	5	27^j	Total costs for patients treated under community-based DOTS strategy.

^a Income share based on 1998 estimates instead of 2000; ^b Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 2005; ^c Income share based on 1999 estimates instead of 1998; ^d Income share based on 2005 estimates instead of 2006; ^e Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1996; ^f The conventional system hospitalizes patients for the first two months of treatment; ^g Income share assumed to be 6% by authors in absence of World Bank data; ^h Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 2001; ⁱ Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1997; ^j Income share based on 1995 estimates instead of 1996; ^k Income share based on 2000 estimates instead of 1996.