Table 8.
Types of catastrophic costs
| Author(s) (year) | Country | Catastrophic Costs for Average Income Earners | Range (% of annual income) | Catastrophic Costs for Lowest 20% | Range (% of annual income) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspler, et al. (1998) [41] |
Zambia |
Total |
12 |
Total, direct, indirect, pre-diagnosis, treatment, time, transportation, medication, hospitalization, direct clinic-based DOTS, indirect clinic-based DOTS |
12-40 |
| Awofeso, N. (1998) [42] |
Nigeria |
Medication |
121 |
Medication |
589 |
| Bevan, E. (1997) [43] |
Kenya |
___ |
___ |
Medication, syringes and needles |
11-32 |
| Chard, S. (2001) [46] |
Uganda |
Medication, traditional healer, “tipping” providers |
12-165 |
Medication, traditional healer, “tipping” providers |
41-544 |
| Chard, S. (2009) [47] |
Uganda |
Private provider, traditional healer |
47-188 |
Private provider, traditional healer |
154-618 |
| Datiko and Lindtjørn (2010) [48] |
Ethiopia |
Total, travel, time, caregiver, direct, food |
17-48 |
Total, travel, time, caregiver, direct, food |
15-104 |
| Floyd, et al. (2003) [50] |
Malawi |
Travel, hospitalization, DOTS visit |
13-262 |
Travel, hospitalization |
18-1043 |
| Floyd, et al. (1997) [51] |
South Africa |
Total, hospitalization |
11-12 |
Total, hospitalization |
17-67 |
| Gibson, et al. (1998) [52] |
Sierra Leone |
pre-program, program, hospital admission fees |
17-88 |
Total, pre-program, program, hospital admission fees |
32-287 |
| Harper, et al. (2003) [53] |
The Gambia |
Private treatment |
11 |
Private treatment |
54 |
| Kemp, et al. (2007) [54] |
Malawi |
Direct, income lost, user fees and medication, pre-diagnosis |
21-40 |
Direct, income lost, user fees and medication, pre-diagnosis, food, travel |
15-155 |
| Mesfin, et al. (2010) [55] |
Ethiopia |
Medical, non-medical, indirect, direct, medication, caregiver, total |
11-136 |
Medical, non-medical, indirect, direct, medication, caregiver, travel, total |
12-292 |
| Moalosi, et al. (2003) [56] |
Botswana |
Total caregiver costs Caregiver hospitalization Caregiver food and supplies |
13-51 |
Total caregiver costs, caregiver hospitalization, caregiver medication, caregiver food and supplies |
29-258 |
| Needham, et al. (1996) [57] |
Zambia |
Total medical, direct, income lost |
16-148 |
Total medical, total non-medical, direct, income lost |
43-688 |
| Needham, et al. (1998) [58] |
Zambia |
Total, indirect, pre-diagnosis, non-medical, food |
11-47 |
Total, indirect, pre-diagnosis, non-medical, medical, food, diagnostic tests, caregiver, private provider, traditional healer, consultation fees, travel, |
15-214 |
| Needham, et al. (2004) [59] |
Zambia |
___ |
___ |
Transportation |
11 |
| Nganda, et al. (2003) [60] |
Kenya |
Hospitalization, travel |
33-101 |
Hospitalization, travel |
22-336 |
| Okello, et al. (2003) [61] |
Uganda |
Hospitalization, travel |
12-73 |
Hospitalization, travel |
40-241 |
| Saunderson, P.R. (1995) [31] |
Uganda |
Total, hospitalization, pre-diagnosis, indirect |
34-249 |
Total, hospitalization, pre-diagnosis, indirect |
111-809 |
| Sinanovic, et al. (2003) [63] |
South Africa |
___ |
___ |
Total |
11-43 |
| Sinanovic and Kumaranay-ake (2006) [64] |
South Africa |
___ |
___ |
Total, time, travel |
11-53 |
| Vassall, et al. (2010) [65] |
Ethiopia |
Direct, indirect, travel and total pretreatment |
23-298 |
Direct, indirect, travel and total pretreatment |
50-639 |
| Wandwalo, et al. (2005) [66] |
Tanzania |
Total, direct, indirect |
16-32 |
Total, direct, indirect |
18-65 |
| Wilkinson, et al. (1997) [67] |
South Africa |
___ |
___ |
Total, hospitalization |
20-27 |
| Wyss, et al. (2001) [68] | Tanzania | Private provider | 12 | Traditional healer, private provider, hospitalization | 10-29 |