Table 2.

Association between risk factors and reduced kidney function in non-diabetics

Age Group	Hypertension		Smoking		Obesity		High LDL-Cholesterol		Low HDL-Cholesterol
	Difference in eGFR ml/min/1.73m2‡ (95% CI)
Unadjusted
40–59 years	−6.1 (−7.7, −4.6)	<0.001	−1.8 (−3.3, −0.2)	0.03	−9.9 (−11.4, −8.4)	<0.001	−1.3 (−2.9, 0.2)	0.32	−7.4 (−8.8, −5.9)	<0.001
60–79 years	−8.1 (−9.0, −7.2)	<0.001	−2.9 (−3.9, −1.8)	<0.001	−5.1 (−6.3, −3.9)	<0.001	1.1 (−0.2, 2.2)	0.05	−8.6 (−9.6, −7.6)	<0.001
80+ years	−8.9 (−12.0, −5.5)	<0.001	−1.4 (−4.8, 2.3)	0.44	1.7 (−3.6, 7.8)	0.53	−2.4 (−5.7, 1.2)	0.18	−8.9 (−11.9, −5.7)	<0.001
p-value for interaction†	<0.001		0.19		0.004		0.01		<0.001
Adjusted*
40–59 years	−2.3 (−4.4, −0.1)	0.04	−2.4 (−4.0, −0.8)	0.003	−6.6 (−8.4, −4.7)	<0.001	0.1 (−1.4, 1.6)	0.89	−4.9 (−6.3, −3.5)	<0.001
60–79 years	−5.1 (−6.1, −4.1)	<0.001	−2.4 (−3.6, −1.2)	<0.001	−5.2 (−6.4, −3.9)	<0.001	0.8 (−0.3, 1.9)	0.17	−7.1 (−8.3, −6.0)	<0.001
80+ years	−6.9 (−10.4, −3.0)	<0.001	−1.6 (−5.1, 2.4)	0.42	3.8 (−0.8, 9.1)	0.11	−1.9 (−5.1, 1.6)	0.27	−8.9 (−11.9, −5.4)	<0.001
p-value for interaction†	<0.001		0.84		0.01		0.16		<0.001

^*Potential confounders included the risk factors, study, age, sex, race, income, alcohol use, and history of cardiovascular disease and heart failure

^‡Based on targeted maximum likelihood estimation

^†Based on a traditional linear regression model