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Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) thin films are formed on islets by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Islets are incubated in poly-L-lysine grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) side chains (PLL-g-PEG), washed with islet wash buffer three times, incubated in alginate, and washed once again with islet wash buffer three times to form each bilayer of the multilayer film.
