Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics

	Always Two- Biological- Parent Family (N = 1,409)		Always Social- Father Family (N = 60)		Always Singe- Mother Family (N = 734)		One or More Transitions (N = 1,471)		Transition to Two-Biological- Parent Family (N = 338)		Transition to Social-Father Family (N = 610)		Transition to Singe-Mother Family (N = 978)
	Age 1	Age 5	Age 1	Age 5	Age 1	Age 5	Age 1	Age 5	Age 1	Age 5	Age 1	Age 5	Age 1	Age 5
Lack of Social Support (N = 3,399)	−0.13 (0.86)	−0.20 (0.75)	−0.12 (0.69)	0.01 (1.03)	0.16* (1.13)	0.18* (1.15)	0.05* (1.04)	0.10* (1.08)	−0.05 (0.92)	0.06* (1.04)	0.12* (1.12)	0.12* (1.10)	0.04* (1.03)	0.12* (1.09)
Material Hardship (N = 3,618)	−0.23 (0.84)	−0.25 (0.83)	0.02 (1.11)	0.14* (1.21)	0.16* (1.08)	0.16* (1.05)	0.13* (1.05)	0.16* (1.06)	0.21* (1.14)	0.11* (1.04)	0.17* (1.07)	0.15* (1.09)	0.12* (1.06)	0.19* (1.06)
Depression (N = 3,659)	−0.13 (0.83)	−0.12 (0.87)	−0.14 (0.89)	0.06 (1.13)	0.13* (1.14)	0.06* (1.04)	0.06* (1.06)	0.08* (1.08)	0.10* (1.10)	0.10* (1.06)	0.09* (1.08)	0.03 (1.06)	0.03* (1.02)	0.14* (1.13)
Parenting Stress (N = 3,163)	−0.12 (0.95)	−0.10 (0.95)	0.17* (1.08)	−0.08 (1.03)	0.15* (1.07)	0.09* (1.07)	0.03* (0.99)	0.05* (1.00)	−0.05 (1.06)	−0.07 (1.00)	0.15* (0.98)	0.12* (1.00)	−0.01 (0.96)	0.06* (1.00)

Note: Means and standard deviations presented. Variables have been age standardized in 3-month intervals to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Sample sizes for the lack of social support, material hardship, depression, and parenting stress measures are for observations with non-missing data on the relevant measure at all time points; sample sizes for the family structure variables are based on 3,674 observations with non-missing data on at least one of the outcome measures at all time points. Estimates are based on analyses of 10 multiply imputed datasets.

^*indicates that the mean is significantly different from that of “Always Two-Biological-Parent Family” at the relevant age.