Table 3.
Summary of HLM Models for Types of Family Structure Transitions
| Lack of Social Support |
Material Hardship |
Maternal Depression |
Maternal Parenting Stress |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | (1) | (2) | |
| Intercept at 1 year: | ||||||||
| Single mother birth and 1 year | −0.002 | 0.056 | 0.047 | 0.010 | 0.001 | −0.035 | 0.103* | 0.021 |
| (0.042) | (0.069) | (0.040) | (0.065) | (0.040) | (0.064) | (0.047) | (0.077) | |
| To biological father between birth and 1 year | −0.111* | −0.120* | 0.058 | 0.043 | −0.086+ | −0.089+ | −0.080 | −0.071 |
| (0.051) | (0.051) | (0.048) | (0.049) | (0.048) | (0.048) | (0.057) | (0.057) | |
| To social father between birth and 1 year | −0.152* | −0.160+ | −0.065 | −0.078 | −0.073 | 0.002 | 0.119 | 0.167+ |
| (0.072) | (0.084) | (0.068) | (0.080) | (0.068) | (0.078) | (0.078) | (0.092) | |
| To single mother between birth and 1 year | 0.062 | 0.131+ | 0.224*** | 0.185* | 0.085+ | 0.052 | 0.019 | −0.045 |
| (0.050) | (0.073) | (0.048) | (0.070) | (0.047) | (0.068) | (0.056) | (0.082) | |
| Ever transition to biological father, 1–5 years | −0.178* | 0.054 | 0.007 | −0.059 | ||||
| (0.075) | (0.073) | (0.073) | (0.083) | |||||
| Ever transition to social father, 1–5 years | −0.007 | 0.099 | 0.034 | 0.148* | ||||
| (0.062) | (0.060) | (0.060) | (0.068) | |||||
| Ever transition to single mother, 1–5 years | 0.098* | 0.105* | 0.034 | −0.044 | ||||
| (0.043) | (0.041) | (0.042) | (0.047) | |||||
| Stable single mother, 1–5 years | −0.010 | 0.091 | 0.081 | 0.106 | ||||
| (0.073) | (0.070) | (0.069) | (0.080) | |||||
| Stable social father, 1–5 years | −0.014 | −0.018 | −0.309* | −0.137 | ||||
| (0.148) | (0.144) | (0.143) | (0.162) | |||||
| Slope between 1 and 5 years: | ||||||||
| Ever transition to biological father, 1–5 years | 0.005 | 0.026 | −0.043** | −0.047** | −0.017 | −0.012 | −0.031* | −0.015 |
| (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.014) | (0.016) | (0.014) | (0.017) | (0.014) | (0.016) | |
| Ever transition to social father, 1–5 years | −0.002 | −0.007 | −0.014 | −0.027+ | −0.026* | −0.027+ | −0.003 | −0.016 |
| (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.011) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.012) | (0.013) | |
| Ever transition to single mother, 1–5 years | 0.036*** | 0.023* | 0.045*** | 0.026* | 0.056*** | 0.047*** | 0.026** | 0.029** |
| (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.011) | |
| Stable single mother, 1–5 years | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.000 | −0.009 | 0.000 | −0.008 | −0.006 | −0.011 |
| (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.012) | (0.014) | (0.012) | (0.013) | |
| Stable social father 1–5 years | 0.034 | 0.039 | 0.016 | 0.022 | 0.011 | 0.056 | −0.071* | −0.060+ |
| (0.031) | (0.035) | (0.032) | (0.036) | (0.032) | (0.038) | (0.032) | (0.036) | |
| Observations | 3,399 | 3,399 | 3,618 | 3,618 | 3,659 | 3,659 | 3,163 | 3,163 |
Note: Coefficients and standard errors from HLM models are presented. Outcome variables have been age standardized in 3-month intervals to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. All of the control variables listed in Table A1 are used to predict mothers’ initial levels of the outcomes when the focal child was approximately 1-year old. Controls for child age, race/ethnicity, child gender, maternal education, and maternal age at the focal child’s birth are used to predict depression, and parenting stress slopes. The reference group for the estimates predicting the intercepts is “Always two-biological-parent family between birth and 1 year”; the reference group for the estimates predicting the slopes is “Always two-biological-parent family between 1 and 5 years.” Estimates are based on analyses of 10 multiply imputed datasets.
p<.10;
p<.05;
p<.01;
p<.001.