Table 4.
Summary of Selected Results from Piecewise HLM Models for Types of Family Structure Transitions
| Lack of Social Support |
Material Hardship |
Maternal Depression |
Maternal Parenting Stress |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| With biological father at 1 year, transitioned to single between years 1 and 3, stayed single between years 3 and 5 | ||||
| Initial difference at 1 year | 0.077 | 0.132* | 0.125+ | −0.034 |
| Change between years 1 and 3 | 0.039 | 0.070 | 0.094 | 0.071 |
| Change between years 3 and 5 | 0.050 | 0.089 | 0.010 | 0.120+ |
| Total change between years 1 and 5 | 0.089 | 0.159 | 0.104 | 0.191+ |
| Total difference at year 5 | 0.166+ | 0.291** | 0.229* | 0.157+ |
| With biological father at 1 year and between years 1 and 3, transitioned to single between years 3 and 5 | ||||
| Initial difference at 1 year | 0.082 | 0.057 | 0.061 | −0.006 |
| Change between years 1 and 3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Change between years 3 and 5 | 0.170** | 0.181** | 0.192** | 0.100+ |
| Total change between years 1 and 5 | 0.170** | 0.181** | 0.192** | 0.100+ |
| Total difference at year 5 | 0.252*** | 0.238*** | 0.253*** | 0.094 |
| Transitioned to single between birth and 1 year, transitioned to social father between years 1 and 3, stayed with social father between years 3 and 5 | ||||
| Initial difference at 1 year | 0.160+ | 0.283** | 0.148 | 0.102 |
| Change between years 1 and 3 | −0.243** | −0.057 | −0.101 | −0.061 |
| Change between years 3 and 5 | −0.008 | 0.001 | −0.168+ | −0.080 |
| Total change between years 1 and 5 | −0.251* | −0.056 | −0.269+ | −0.141 |
| Total difference at year 5 | −0.091 | 0.227+ | −0.121 | −0.039 |
| Transitioned to single between birth and 1 year, stayed single between years 1 and 3, transitioned to social father between years 3 and 5 | ||||
| Initial difference at 1 year | −0.013 | 0.235** | 0.077 | 0.238* |
| Change between years 1 and 3 | 0.099 | 0.046 | −0.035 | −0.062 |
| Change between years 3 and 5 | 0.087 | −0.129+ | −0.214* | −0.099 |
| Total change between years 1 and 5 | 0.186 | −0.083 | −0.249+ | −0.161 |
| Total difference at year 5 | 0.173 | 0.152 | −0.172 | 0.077 |
| Transitioned to single between birth and 1 year, transitioned to social father between years 1 and 3, transitioned to single between years 3 and 5 | ||||
| Initial difference at 1 year | 0.498*** | 0.527*** | 0.152 | 0.225+ |
| Change between years 1 and 3 | −0.243** | −0.057 | −0.101 | −0.061 |
| Change between years 3 and 5 | −0.240* | 0.012 | 0.014 | −0.120 |
| Total change between years 1 and 5 | −0.483** | −0.045 | −0.087 | −0.181 |
| Total difference at year 5 | 0.015 | 0.482*** | 0.065 | 0.044 |
| Observations | 2,681 | 2,839 | 2,867 | 2,477 |
Note: Estimates based on coefficients from piecewise HLM models (results shown in Table A2). The analysis samples for these models include only stable two-parent families between 1 and 5 years, and families that experienced one or more transitions between 1 and 5 years; stable single-mother and social father families between 1 and 5 years are excluded. Outcome variables have been age standardized in 3-month intervals to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. The reference group for all estimates is “Always two-biological-parent family between 1 and 5 years.” Estimates are based on analyses of 10 multiply imputed datasets.
p<.10;
p<.05;
p<.01;
p<.001.