Table A2.
Summary of Piecewise HLM Models for Types of Family Structure Transitions
| Lack of Social Support |
Material Hardship |
Maternal Depression |
Maternal Parenting Stress |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (2) | (2) | (2) | (2) | |
| Intercept at 1 year: | ||||
| Single mother birth and 1 Year | 0.081 | −0.012 | −0.026 | 0.002 |
| (0.111) | (0.109) | (0.104) | (0.125) | |
| To biological father between birth and 1 year | −0.122* | 0.021 | −0.093+ | −0.055 |
| (0.050) | (0.048) | (0.047) | (0.057) | |
| To social father between birth and 1 year | −0.134 | −0.032 | 0.023 | 0.126 |
| (0.098) | (0.094) | (0.092) | (0.109) | |
| To single mother between birth and 1 year | 0.137 | 0.210+ | 0.041 | −0.031 |
| (0.116) | (0.114) | (0.109) | (0.132) | |
| To biological father between 1 and 3 years | −0.320* | 0.047 | 0.022 | −0.051 |
| (0.126) | (0.124) | (0.121) | (0.141) | |
| To biological father between 3 and 5 years | 0.327* | 0.210 | −0.110 | −0.232 |
| (0.128) | (0.126) | (0.126) | (0.143) | |
| To single mother between 1 and 3 years | −0.311* | 0.001 | 0.246+ | 0.189 |
| (0.125) | (0.124) | (0.124) | (0.139) | |
| To single mother between 3 and 5 years | 0.082 | 0.057 | 0.061 | −0.006 |
| (0.051) | (0.050) | (0.050) | (0.058) | |
| Stable single mother between 1 and 3 years | −0.406* | −0.188 | 0.117 | 0.286 |
| (0.159) | (0.155) | (0.152) | (0.176) | |
| Stable single mother between 3 and 5 years | 0.388** | 0.131 | −0.121 | −0.223 |
| (0.132) | (0.131) | (0.130) | (0.147) | |
| To social father between 1 and 3 years | 0.279* | 0.260+ | 0.050 | 0.262+ |
| (0.137) | (0.133) | (0.130) | (0.154) | |
| To social father between 3 and 5 years | 0.256* | 0.213* | −0.081 | −0.017 |
| (0.098) | (0.096) | (0.096) | (0.109) | |
| Stable social father between 1 and 3 years | −0.208 | −0.034 | −0.212 | 0.285 |
| (0.203) | (0.197) | (0.205) | (0.222) | |
| Stable social father between 3 and 5 years | −0.256* | −0.187 | 0.057 | −0.129 |
| (0.116) | (0.113) | (0.111) | (0.133) | |
| Slope between 1 and 5 years: | ||||
| To biological father between 1 and 3 years at year 3 | 0.170* | −0.241** | −0.107 | −0.027 |
| (0.074) | (0.075) | (0.083) | (0.075) | |
| To biological father between 1 and 3 years at year 5 | 0.127+ | −0.179* | 0.001 | −0.035 |
| (0.075) | (0.076) | (0.084) | (0.076) | |
| To biological father between 3 and 5 years at year 5 | 0.197 | 0.076 | 0.210 | 0.218 |
| (0.142) | (0.141) | (0.157) | (0.137) | |
| To single mother between 1 and 3 years at year 3 | 0.039 | 0.070 | 0.094 | 0.071 |
| (0.057) | (0.058) | (0.064) | (0.057) | |
| To single mother between 1 and 3 years at year 5 | −0.190 | −0.203 | −0.175 | −0.173 |
| (0.138) | (0.136) | (0.151) | (0.133) | |
| To single mother between 3 and 5 years at year 5 | 0.170** | 0.181** | 0.192** | 0.100+ |
| (0.056) | (0.056) | (0.062) | (0.056) | |
| To social father between 1 and 3 years at year 3 | −0.243*** | −0.057 | −0.101 | −0.061 |
| (0.070) | (0.070) | (0.077) | (0.072) | |
| To social father between 1 and 3 years at year 5 | −0.410*** | −0.169 | −0.178 | −0.220+ |
| (0.111) | (0.110) | (0.121) | (0.112) | |
| To social father between 3 and 5 years at year 5 | 0.210+ | −0.026 | 0.218+ | 0.253* |
| (0.109) | (0.107) | (0.120) | (0.104) | |
| Stable single mother between 1 and 3 years at year 3 | 0.099 | 0.046 | −0.035 | −0.062 |
| (0.070) | (0.070) | (0.078) | (0.070) | |
| Stable single mother between 1 and 3 years at year 5 | −0.123 | −0.103 | −0.432** | −0.352** |
| (0.126) | (0.125) | (0.139) | (0.122) | |
| Stable single mother between 3 and 5 years at year 5 | 0.240 | 0.292* | 0.185 | 0.293* |
| (0.146) | (0.144) | (0.160) | (0.142) | |
| Stable social father between 1 and 3 years at year 3 | 0.207 | −0.153 | 0.220 | −0.293 |
| (0.187) | (0.186) | (0.208) | (0.182) | |
| Stable social father between 1 and 3 years at year 5 | 0.688*** | −0.407* | −0.222 | −0.283 |
| (0.193) | (0.190) | (0.211) | (0.187) | |
| Stable social father between 3 and 5 years at year 5 | 0.402** | 0.170 | 0.010 | 0.140 |
| (0.126) | (0.125) | (0.138) | (0.127) | |
| Observations | 2,681 | 2,839 | 2,867 | 2,477 |
Note: Coefficients and standard errors from HLM models are presented. The analysis samples for these models include only stable two-parent families between 1 and 5 years, and families that experienced one or more transitions between 1 and 5 years; stable single-mother and social father families between 1 and 5 years are excluded. Outcome variables have been age standardized in 3-month intervals to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. All of the control variables listed in Table A1 are used to predict mothers’ initial levels of the outcomes when the focal child was approximately 1-year old. Controls for child age, race/ethnicity, child gender, maternal education, and maternal age at the focal child’s birth are used to predict depression, and parenting stress slopes. The reference group for the estimates predicting the intercepts is “Always two-biological-parent family between birth and 1 year”; the reference group for the estimates predicting the slopes is “Always two-biological-parent family between 1 and 5 years.”
p<.10;
p<.05;
p<.01;
p<.001.