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Current understanding of the pathological mechanisms of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Dates indicate the time of the discovery of the functions. Abbreviations: FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, monocyte/macrophage colony–stimulating factor; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB; RANKL, RANK ligand; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
